Fundamentals of Nursing Research: evaluation of the evidence for nursing practice Essay

1.How do nurses and doctors interact in acute settings?In this study, I would uniform to use ethnography. When compargond to another(prenominal) qualitative systems resembling phenomenology or grounded possibleness,ethnography is a opinionated approach,which includes observing,detailing,describing,and analyzing the patterns of culture(Leininger,1985).The key feature of ethnography as a qualitative look into methodology is that, it involves long term study of a separate by the tec who be advances both the observer and participant in the group this is oftentimes termed as participant note(Ellis 2010)They dont always take a participant role, nearlytimes they ar non-participant observers.Access to a group for study whitethorn involve the researcher in seeking the help of a provide keeper(Ellis 2010). In this study a gate keeper female genitals be the HOD of acute c are unit who allows to access the group of doctors and nurses and as well as to figure them. However at t hat place are both(prenominal) ethical issues this approach like an allegeed concent of colleagues(Ellis 2010) Convenience try out is apt for this study as the researcher cannot predict the situation.It might be very difficult to get adequate number of seek at a stretch,observation during a period of angiotensin converting enzyme week with different staff at different shifts,would be abundant to get maximum number of prove of 40 . information charm methods include observation and audience .thither are mainly triple grand types of information are plebeianly saught by ethnographer ie the cultural behaviour(which style what members of the culture do) paganarti particulars What members of the culture make or use Cultural speech(What pot say)This implies that ethnographers rely on a wide variety of info sources including observations indepth interviews records charts and other type of physical try(Diary letter) (Polit and Beck 2010)Observation is not singular to resear ch and can be considered as part of every day life(Benner and Fian,2008) . Adler and Adler (1994) historied For as long as mint have been interested in studying the social and natural world around them observation has served as bedrock of source of human knowledge(P 377)Often the key verifiable of exploitation observation is to check weather what the great unwashed say that they do is the aforementioned(prenominal) as what they actually do. As Hammersley (1990) suggested to rely on what hatful say about what they belive and do, without also observing what they do, is to neglect the complex family relationship between attitudes behaviour( p 597)There are many other reasons for exploitation observation as the information battle array method It helps us to inform about the influence of the physical environment Captures sense of the context of the and hale social settings in which people function Helps to illustrate the whole cinema (Benner and Fian,2008). Some phenomena lent themselves well to observation(Polit and Hangler 1995) including characteristic and conditions of individuals, communicatory and no verbal communication behaviour, activities, skill attainment and performance and the characteristics of an environment.(Benner and Fian,2008)Observation can be considered as an approach ,in which the aspects of the phenomenon to be observed are operationally defined and decided in advance(Benner and Fian,2008)Its actually a skill to interview in qualitative research and this can be acquired through practice. (Ellis 2010) ethnographic interviews are unstructured- here i would like to use descriptive questions to intercommunicate participants about on that point wel make outs in there own language and are the backbone of ethnographic interviews(Polit and Beck, 2008) however study participants will not divide much information with interviewers if they do not trust them close sonority with respondence provides access to richer information and to personal or intimate details. And audio magnetic tape equipment batteries tapes notepads and pens are essentials. Tape recorded interviews should be listened to and checked for audibility and completeness before long afterward the interview is over.The depth psychology mainly based on the patterns in the behaviour and thoughts of the participants comparing one pattern against another and analyzing many patterns simultaneously(Felterman 1989) Spradlys 1979) /In an ethnographic study,research sequence is often utilize for info abridgment .(Polit and Beck, 2008).On the other hand Spradely believes that language is the primary means that relates cultural consequence in a culture. His sequence of 12 mea receiveds, which includes both entropy collection and information synopsis, and the compendium part includes making a domain analysis which are units of cultural knowledge and making a taxonomic analysis asking contrast questions making componential analysis discovering cultur al themes and the last step is writing the ethnography. (Polit and Beck 2008)On the contrary ,it is very challenging method when it compares to other quantitative methods for there are no universal rules for analyzing data( Polit and Beck 2008).2 Do each week counselling sessions decrease stress levels of carers of people with Alzheimers unsoundness?This study can better done by the experimental method, to be more special(prenominal) a randomized controlled trial is apt for this crabbed study. The genuineness of true experiments give us greater confidence that they envision the causal relationships below controlled settings of study (Polit andBeck,2008)Randomized controlled trials are able to closure a very specific question or related questions,because it uses specific manner ( Ellis 2010). RCT use techniques to find out the relationships between to changeables. Moreover it holds cipher control over many other factors that may establish the harshness and reliability of the findings( Ellis 2010). Here Independent versatiles is weekly direction sessions and dependent variable is stress levels of carers of people with Alzheimers disease.RCTs are characterized by the following(a) properties Manipulation The experimenter does something to some flying fields or some type of interventions. Control The experimenter introduces controls into the study, including qualification good approximation of counter factual usually a controlled group that does not receive the intervention. Randomization The experimenter assigns subjects to a controlled or experimental conditions on a random basis. (Polit and Beck 2010)It was pointed out earlier that the RCT involves the random allocation of participants(Carer of people with Alzheimers disease) between experimental groups, whose members receive the treatment (in this study weekly counseling sessions) and control group who is devoid of or receive no intervention (in this study intervention means counseling sessions)I stand for a continuous 8 weeks counseling sessions that includes psychological and physical hash over of carers of Alzheimers patient can decrease stress levels of participants. In this situation study ,we should make sure that all meet the demands of inclusion criteria( Ellis 2010). In this study inclusion criteria involves carers who suffer from stress related to their work experience with Alzheimers patient.After sampling ,the researcher divides the entire sample into twain different groups so that each group portrays the similar characters and even in terms of variables. ( Ellis 2010).Researchers forge fissiparous variable by administrating the intervention to some subjects while refuse it from others. To illustrate participants in the experimental groups are subjected to counseling sessions through out the period where as those in the controlled group gets the usual care and treatment .Firstly, researcher have to do a pretest that involves the observation of d ependent variable before the counseling session. This design permits us to watch what changes in stress levels were caused by the 8 week counseling session because only some people were subjected to it, providing an important comparison (Polit and Beck 2010)There are mainly devil methods for data collection namely clinical or non clinical. Here it is a non clinical method we can use questionnaires for the data collection.( Ellis 2010).A crucial part of good research design concerns making sure that the questionnaire design addresses the fills of the research.To put this another way somehow we need to ensure that the questions asked are the right ones.(iss.leeds.ac.uk home resources tutorial documents surveys). Reliability and harshness are the two important aspect about the tool.The consistency in measuring is reliability .If the device produces the same or similar results when it uses under same circumstances,it is reliable. Whereas validity defined as, whether a tool danc e steps or examines what it claims to measure or examine./(www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htm)Outcome data should be collected in the same way and with the same figures for all the study group to facilitate this where feasible participants may remain unaware of the intervention existence received(Gerrish and Lacey 2010).Here the researcher can use blinding in order to reduce the risk of biases.(http//www.ajronline.org/inside/full)It means the participants in the trial doesnt know which intervention is apt(p) to each individual.A comparison of both group after the counseling session can be done by a come out test. Despite the benefits of experimental research this has somelimitations, first of all there are often constrains that make an experimental approach impractical or insurmountable(Polit and Beck 2008)3 What are the factors that influence womens smoking behaviour during maternity?This study has got social relevance. The grounded hypothesis tradition which has its roots in sociology, seeks to fall upon and understand the social psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting.(Polit and Beck 2008).Its procedures are not specific to a crabby discipline or method of data collection.(Holloway and Wheeler,2002)Grounded Theory research is used to generate theories about practice and understanding from many different areas of health care(Ellis 2010) so in this study grounded supposition is very apt because it deals with a practice or a habit and we can gain insights into how great(predicate) ladies changes there smoking behaviour during pregnancyOf the qualitative approaches to research grounded theory is perhaps the most systematic in its approach. Grounded theory systematically applies adjectival steps to explore social phenomenon and derive a theory that explains peoples understanding of those phenomenon .According to Strauss & Corbin, grounded theory emerges inductively from the research study.It undergoes very systematic process, data collection and analysis of data are the two major aspects of the study,so that the theory or the phenomena derives from the reciprocal relationship with each other.(Strauss & Corbin,1990)The starting point for grounded theory is that to select a homogeneous sample ,which means a sample portrays same kind of experience and with same process . A broader sample enables the researcher to draw on the experience of people to come to some conclusion of their experience (Ellis 2010)Samples for qualitative studies are generally much small than those used inquantitative studies.(www.qualitative-research.net Home Vol 11, No 3 (2010))The sampling in this study is theoretical sampling. I would like to select the samples from antepartum clinics or GPs. The sample demand to be broad comely to enable the researcher to draw on the experiences enough people to come to some conclusion (Ellis 2010).But usually Grounded research typically done with 20 to 30 people.(Polit an d Beck,2008).The sample size is determined by the theory universe generated from the qualitative data.The data analysis can be done in two ways.Firstly, grounded theory may be used as a technique for analyzing data, which includes the process of constant comparison. The theory suggests that categories and properties are concepts that are determine by the researcher and evolve from the constant comparing of the data. (epress.anu.edu.au/info_systems/mobile_devices/ch04s03.html)Constant comparative analysis can be explained as the continuous comparison of data obtained from different participants so that the researcher analyses the difference or similarity among them.(www.rangahau.co.nz/analysis/83/)Methods used in data collection include, interviews ,documentary evidence, case studies and participant observations. Here i would like to use interview as my data collection method.It would be so helpful when we can maintain the arena notes throughout the process of data collection.Cer tain occurrences in the setting or ideas from participants that bet of vital interest are recorded either during or after data collection.They remind the researcher of the events and interactions and trigger thinking process.(Holloway and Wheeler,2004).As mentioned in a higher place the analysis of Grounded theory can be done by two major methods Firstly, the Glaser and Strausss Grounded theory method, and the second one is Strauss and Corbins approach.(Polit and Beck,2008). In this study i would like to use Strauss and Corbins approach. Main terzetto types of coding includes Open axial and selective coding the out come of the Strauss and Corbins approach is a full conceptual description that explains how a basic social problem that emerged from the data is processed in asocial setting (Polit and Beck 2008).When compared to other ways of qualitative analysis, It provides researchers with a unique tool for theoretical development.On contrary to the conventional path Grounded Theo ry kit and caboodle inductive . A researcher affords the luxury of maintaining an open mind and allowing the data to inform the discovery of theory. Natural phenomena is best represented by the emerging findings avoiding preconceived ideas. (ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi)4 What is the effect of hydrotherapy on the pain levels of people with osteo-arthritis?This study is Quantitive study. The true experimental designs are those in which the researcher has a great deal of control over the research situation.(Nieswiadomy,2008).There are iii criteria for a true experimental design.Firstly, the researcher manipulates the experimental variable(s).Second one is at least one experimental and one comparison group are included in the study.Last criteria is that subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the comparison group. (Nieswiadomy,2008).Using manipulation, researcher consciously vary the freelance variable and observe its effect on dependent variable. Researche r manipulate the independent variable by administering an experimental treatment(intervention) to some subjects while withholding it from others. Here dependent variable is pain level an independent variable is hydrotherapy(Polit and Beck 2010)Randomization or random assignment to study groups involves distribution of subject to either the experimental or control group on strictly random or chance basis(Schneider and et al 2003)Sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population. It is subset of population elements. Simple random sampling can be used for this study. The members of the populationare numbered and a number of them are selected using random numbers without replacing them. With this method each population member has equal chance of selection ( roll 2009)Factors impact sample size includes homogeneity of the population effect size cooperation and aesthesia of the measures. Quantitative researchers need to pay careful atte ntion to the number of participants infallible to achieve statistical conclusion validity. A procedure known mightiness analysis(Cohen 1988) can be used to estimate sample size needs (Polit and Beck 2008). The sample size, effect size and the alpha level are the three major factors which determine the power.It can be defined as the capacity to figure-out the statistically significant difference when the null hypothesis is in fact false,which means, power is your ability to find a difference when a genuine difference exists(psych.wisc.edu/henriques/power.html)Large samples are no assurance of accuracy however. There can be practical constraints such as subject accessibility cooperation level of participants time and resources can limit the sample size so that many studies are based on relatively small samples (Polit and Beck 2008)Data collection in experimental study dependents on the exact questions being investigated. The data collected can include data about the independent va riable and data on a phenomenon(Ellis 2010). Interviews,physical examination or biological samples are the main data collection methods, researcher can also collect data from existing records. (Ellis 2010).Here a personal interview using a structured questionnaire can be used for the data collection.In this study we should do a pre test and post test. Pre test should be conducted before the intervention and a post test to assess the effect of hydrotherapyA major strength experiments is that they are practical in the real world it may be difficult if not impossible to conduct true experiments. In current era of healthcare consumerism patients are not always willing torelinquish control over there treatment condition. Another drawback of experiments is that unwillingness of people.( Gross and Fogg 2001)REFERENCESEllis P.(2010),Understanding research for treat students,Exeter encyclopedism matters Polit D. F and Beck C.T(2010),Essentials of breast feeding ResearchAppraising Evidence f or Nursing Practice,7th ednLippincott Williams & Wikins. Nieswiadomy RS(2008), Foundations of treat research, 5TH edn new jersey Pearson Leininger(1985), Qualitative research methods in nursing W.B Sanders Company. Inc Holloway I & Wheeler(2002), Qualitative research in nursing, 2nd Edition, oxford Blackwell Science LTD Gerrish K and Lacey A (2010), The research process in nursing 6th edn, UK, Wiley-Blackwell Bowling A 2009, Research methods in Healthinvestigating health and health services, 3rd Edn, England, open university press Polit D.F and Beck C T(2008) Nursing researchGenerating and assessing evidence for nursing Practice 8th Edn Lippioncott, Williams & Wilkins Watson R, Mckenna H, Cowman S & Keady J (2008) Nursing research Designs and method Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Schneider Z,Elliot D,Lobiondo-Wood G & Haber J (2003) Nursing Research Methods particular appraisal and utilisation 2nd edn, Australia Elsevier Pty Ltd University of Leeds (iss.leeds.ac.uk home resource s tutorial documents surveys). (No date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013) University of Wisconsin-Madison(psych.wisc.edu/henriques/power.html) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013)13.University of Wollongong(ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013)Dr Leonie Pihama, Mori and Indigenous Analysis Ltd(www.rangahau.co.nz/analysis/83/)(no date)(accessed on 25thJune). nformation Systems Foundations Constructing and Criticising(epress.anu.edu.au/info_systems/mobile_devices/ch04s03.html) (no date)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013)16. M Mason -(www.qualitative-research.net Home Vol 11, No 3 (2010)(2010)(Accessed on 25thof June,2013)