Psychology - 14463 Words

Basic Human Needs 1 Running head: BASIC HUMAN NEEDS Basic Human Needs Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Colby College DRAFT Chapter to appear in Kruglanski, A., Higgins, E. (2006), Social Psychology: A handbook of basic principles, 2nd Edition. New York: Guilford Publications Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Department of Psychology 5550 Mayflower Hill Colby College Waterville, ME 04901 207-859-5557 tpittman@colby.edu Basic Human Needs Basic Human Needs It is vain to do with more what can be done with less. 2 attributed to William of Occam (c. 1285–1349) There is always an easy solution to every human problem - neat, plausible, and wrong. H. L. Mencken (1949), p. 443 It has been a long time since a†¦show more content†¦Anyone reading this chapter indoors is surrounded by, sitting on, probably wearing, and using things fabricated by homo sapiens. Humans make things. 4 When we move into the realm of psychology, matters become more complex and considerably less clear. In considering what, psychologically, might constitute human nature, social psychologists have not taken up the method of cross-species comparisons illustrated in the musings above. In fact in psychology more generally, instead of looking for what is unique about human nature, psychologists have tried repeatedly to come up with a few general principles that are meant to apply across all or virtually all species, essentially arguing that psychologically all species are governed by the same fundamental principles. This approach constitutes a scientifically sound strategy, in the spirit of Occam s Razor, as an attempt to understand complexity by reducing it to a few simple laws that apply to many species. Familiar examples of this approach include the various serious attempts by behaviorists to explain everything in terms of basic principles of reinforcement (Hull, 1943; Pavlov, 1927; Ski nner, 1938, 1981; Watson, 1930). These ideas were tested and refined extensively with experiments on rats and pigeons as well as humans, were extended into such realms as social learning (e.g., Miller Dollard, 1941), attitude formation and change (e.g., Doob, 1947), and group behavior (Zajonc, 1965), andShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

The Death Penalty Is Not Morally Ambiguous - 1293 Words

In the United States, there are several topics that are considered morally ambiguous. Among these contended topics is the death penalty. There are many arguments for and against capital punishment. One proponent for the death penalty is Ernest van den Haag, who in his article, â€Å"The Ultimate Punishment,† argues a case for the death penalty. I believe he successfully counters the arguments against the death penalty leading me to believe it is not something that should be viewed as inhumane and wrong. I will argue that the death penalty is not morally ambiguous, but a justified sentence some deserve. Van den Haag believes that in upholding a death sentence, potential murderers are being deterred, victims protected, and justice served. Many†¦show more content†¦Many people have a fear of death, many a fear of confinement. It is impossible to predict which sentence would deter the most potential murderers. With this in mind, it makes more sense to have a variety of s entences that would deter the greatest amount of people. Abolishing the death penalty may result in those who are not deterred by the life sentence continuing to commit heinous crimes. As van den Haag states, â€Å"Sparing the lives of even a few prospective victims by deterring their murderers is more important than preserving the lives of convicted murderers because of the possibility, or even the probability, that executing them would not deter others† (194). The argument has been made that if we condone the legal execution of convicted murderers, then we are essentially endorsing murder itself. If this were so, then, as van den Haag points out, prison sentences would endorse kidnapping and fines would endorse robbery (195). If someone has the mentality that something the judicial system deems an appropriate punishment is unjust, then that individual will do as they see fit in retaliation. The death sentence itself does not endorse anything. This is again something that is defined on an individual level. As with anything in life, there is always the risk of making a mistake. Those opposed to the death penalty use this as one of their

How Basketball Has Changed The World Essay - 1324 Words

Basketball is one of the most popular which is beloved sports that is played today. Michael Jordan, who played for the Washington Wizards and the Chicago Bulls once said, â€Å"Just play, have fun, and enjoy the game† (BrainyQuote 2016). Whether playing with friends for fun or by professionals for entertainment or simply watching from home, basketball is very enjoyed all over the world. Beginning with a unique history, basketball has evolved over time from a simple idea into a professional career choice for those with the unique skill set. During the winter of 1892 in a town in Massachusetts a physical education teacher, Dr. James Naismith, at a YMCA school created a game where young men could play indoors aside from going outside in the freezing cold. To be prepared for the game, Dr. Naismith came up with some rules for the game, gathered two peach baskets for hoops, a soccer ball, and coached the first basketball game in history. Dr. Naismith came up with thirteen rules. While four out of the thirteen rules that he came up with, are no longer followed in today s version of basketball, the nine that are left were slightly modified and are still in use today. The original thirteen rules are as follows: The ball is thrown with both hands in any direction. The player can not run with the ball, so they need to throw it where they caught it from. The ball is batted in any direction not with the fist but with both hands. The ball is held in between your hands just not with theShow MoreRelatedHow Basketball Has Changed The World1570 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Basketball Have you ever wondered how basketball was created? Have you ever questioned how basketball has evolved into becoming one of the most popular sports in the world? Basketball evolved from a simple sport played in one gym to now being more complex and played in gyms all over the world. It was Dr. James Naismith who first created the basics of basketball. When he first made the game, no one could have imagined the games success and spread throughout the entire world. AccordingRead MoreThe Popularity Of Popular Culture1369 Words   |  6 Pagesor whatever impact it has on them. Another thing from popular culture that I like is the music from the 90’s. Hip-hop back then was real and ignorant. 90’s rap music has been my favorite since I was young . But now a days rap music is just for the audiences that are young. I been involved with almost anything in our culture . Games have been a big one too. Nintendo has set a lot of trends in the world. They showed up and brought up real entertainment. It doesn’t matter how old you are too , youRead MoreHow Basketball Has Changed Over The Years Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesOver 30 million people play basketball in America and it is one of fastest growing sports in the world (Lynn). It is an exciting and a very intense sport to play and watch. Most people, however, do not know how or when it was created. The purpose of this paper is to inform people about when basketball was created, how much it has changed over the years, and to talk about some of the most influential players who ever played this amazing sport. In 1891, James Naismith was a gym teacher at the localRead MoreA Heated Competitive Nature Of Basketball1053 Words   |  5 Pagesanything and everything. Notably when the competition at hand was the sport of basketball. Growing up basketball was more than a game, it was a way of life. My brothers and I analyzed every aspect of basketball, we were students of the game. I recall the 2008 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, there was this undersized point guard playing for Davidson College by the name of Stephen Curry. This kid took the basketball world by storm, he became an overnight sensation. He led the Davidson College WildcatsRead MoreThe Frailty of Women Myth971 Words   |  4 Pagesnaturally weak and frail. Throughout my essay, I will emphasize Sociological Imagination by showing the connections between personal lives and the social world currently and back in the day. Sociological Imagination consists of 4 sensibilities; historical, cultural, structural and critical. H istorical sensibility involves the analyzation of how our society got to be the way that it is. For example, women’s sports in 1865 up until now. Cultural sensibility is the ability to understand human belief’sRead MoreEarvin Johnson is Magic on the Basketball Court1795 Words   |  7 Pagesearly 90s. The 1980s is known to many people as NBA’s best decade. This era featured a combination of the best style of basketball, as well as some of the greatest players of all time. Magic Johnson headlined this elite group of players. Because of the immense amount of talent in the game at this time period, basketball was emerging as a big part of a lot of people’s lives. Basketball was growing in popularity and was becoming one of America’s favorite sports to watch. Magic Johnson only made this sportRead MoreHow Did College Basketball Form And How Has It Changed Over The Years?925 Words   |  4 PagesHow did college basketball form and how has it changed o ver the years? Basketball is one of the most watched or frequently played sport in history, on top of soccer, football, or baseball. In this essay, I will answer the question, and tell about some important events in basketball history. Basketball started in 1891. It has now grown into one of the most popular sports in history. Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian James W. Naismith. An instructor at the YMCA Training SchoolRead MoreEssay about The Origin of the Game of Basketball1391 Words   |  6 Pagesout. Down by 2, the team has a chance to win the game. The whistle blows and the clock winds down, 5...The ball is passed in†¦4†¦the point guard dribbles around the key†¦3†¦the ball is passed to the shooting guard†¦2†¦the shooting guard passes it back to the point guard†¦1†¦the point guard shoots from behind the 3-point line†¦0. Countless fans across the globe may get thrills while watching an intense minor or professional basketball game, although, few actually know where or how this widely popular sportRead More The Changing Face Of Basketball Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pages The Changing Face of Basketball Basketball has come a long way since its soccer ball and peach basket beginnings in that its style, players, facilities and leagues have developed dramatically and gained tremendous popularity. Salaries have increased from Bob Cousys minute $45.00 a game (Minser 37) to Michael Jordans $300,000 + per game (Minser 37). Basketball is a sport in which all ages can participate in any way, shape, or form and is a big part of American society today. In 1891 James A.Read MoreConverse : More Than Just Shoes1640 Words   |  7 PagesConverse as everyone knows them, are everlasting icons of American culture. Everyone wears chucks from James Dean in the 60’s to Michelle Obama now. The range of owners of converse is astounding. The range of use in converse is amazing. The Chuck Taylor has been named one of the most influential shoes of all time. Sixty percent of all Americans have owned a pair of Chuck Taylors at least once in their lives. (History) Converse was founded in 1908 by Marquise Mills in Malden, Massachusetts. Originally,

The United States Marine Corps - 990 Words

Wars have many battles. However, battles do not always lead to war. Marines courageously serve in our nations wars. Their ability to win battles allows our nations to deal with threats quickly without making the situation more dangerous than it already is. Since the year of 1775 the Marines have been the number one branch of the military called upon first. Their ability to execute the most rapid, effective, and efficient military response to disputes anywhere in the world, makes them one of the most respected branches of the military. The Marines Corps are deployed to respond swiftly and aggressively to threats around the world. What distinguishes the Marines Corps from any other branch is the bond formed by their motto â€Å"Semper Fidelis.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Being a member of the Marines corps or any other branch of the military, helps build the strength of America’s elite fighting force. During deployment Marines spend 7 to 12 months in the field. Ranks n ot only create a clear chain of command but it is also a reward for soldiers who have served in the Marine Corps. Recruits obtain their first rank when they complete basic training, and acquire additional rank thought their service. On December 2012, Congress and President Obama reified the 2013 salaries For U.S. Marines with a 1.7% payShow MoreRelatedThe United States Marine Corps1618 Words   |  7 Pagesvulnerabilities can be a more efficient use of available resources. The United States Marine Corps’ Warfighting publication MCDP 1 draws a direct correlation between a COG and its critical vulnerability by stating, â€Å"we should focus our efforts against a critical vulnerability, a vulnerability that, if exploited, will do the most significant damage to the enemy s ability to resist us† (United States Marine Corps 1997, 47). The Marine Corps favors the indirect approach to defeating an adversary’s COG becauseRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps1476 Wor ds   |  6 PagesThe United States Marine Corps I believe the United States Marine Corps is one of the greatest organizations someone that can be a part of. Since 1775 the Marine Corps has served to protect our nation both at home and abroad. One of the main aspects that makes the Marine Corps such a remarkable organization is its culture. This culture has served the Marine Corps and this nation in two ways. First, the Marine Corps has frequently found itself at the mercy of politicians who would take the utilitarianRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Marine Corps is one of the most deadly task forces in the military. The United States Marines are a branch of the Navy and they operate in close with them at sea. The United States Marine Corps has a unique mission, they serve on the Navy’s ships, protect United States Naval bases, guard United State Embassies, and provide and quick and ready strike force to protect any of the United States interests. The first regiment or battalion of the United States Marine Corps was createdRead MoreThe United States Marine Corp1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Marine Corp (USMC) was founded in 1775 during The Revolutionary War. From it’s inception, the ranks of the USMC were filled exclusively by males. Over 143 years later, in 1918, women were finally allowed to enlist. At first, women couldn’t participate in combat and were restricted to a limited number of jobs. As was common at the time, they were not respected by their male counterparts. It took several decades for women to gain respect and to be a allowed the full spectrum of opportunitiesRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Marine Corps is facing already 7th decade, since one of the major amphibious operation in history of 20th century. Yes, there are many developments for concepts, capabilities, training, organization and command structure, but purpose and nature of the amphibious operations still unchanged through the time. Based on the case studies of operation â€Å"CHROMITE† and comparing with current concepts and capabilities of the Marine Corps, we are prepared better to conduct forcible entry operationsRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps961 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has become a very advanced and intimidating force to be reckoned with. Many different factors have led to a more efficient and effective fighting force, but one factor that stands out amongst the rest is the evolution of how the military communicates. One person is limited and can only do so much without the help from others. When you introduce another individual, you drastically increase productivity and safety. One famous scripture from the Bible is â€Å"Five of you shall chase aRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps1122 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Process Analysis Essay Draft 1 How to become a United States Marine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joining the United States Marine Corps is one of the most important decisions someone may make in their entire life. Although becoming a United States Marine is not easy. The first steps are often the most difficult, but once you set your mind to do what your heart desires the process becomes a lot easier. The transformation from a typical civilian to a Marine soldier is remarkable. Only one who decides to takeRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps847 Words   |  4 PagesMost of my service in the United States Marine Corps was spent overseas in Japan and in the Republic of Korea. During this time, I was a recognised weapons expert responsible for the training of both United States Armed personnel and the Republic of Korea Marines and soldiers. I thoroughly enjoyed my training role which allowed me to develop various strategies to effectively communicate with foreign nationals and offer a direct experience on the logistics of global secu rity as well as its implementationsRead MoreBenefits Of A United States Marine Corps1072 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits for a United States Marine Corps â€Å"The Marines are a part of the Department of the Navy and operate in close cooperation with U.S. Navy forces at sea† (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). The United States Marine Corps have many jobs to protect and serve the U.S. Some of the ways a Marine serves the United States is by protecting naval bases, guarding U.S. embassies, and providing a quick strike force to protect U.S. interests (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). BeingRead MoreBenefits Of A United States Marine Corps1016 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits for a United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps have many jobs to protect and serve the United States. Some of the ways a Marine serves the United States is by protecting naval bases, guarding U.S. embassies, and providing a quick strike force to protect U.S. interests (â€Å"Answers to the Top Marine Corps Questions†). Being a Marine that serves and protects the United States comes with many benefits. â€Å"A career as a Marine rewards you with a salary, benefits, incentives and

Short Story - 998 Words

There we were: a dilapidated bench in Parc Bryn Cegin, myself only a haircut and a hip transplant from my eighteen-year-old self, and Kenny, portly and bald from head to toe, resembling the Michelin man or maybe an alopeciac. Both of us were still in our all-blacks, with matching hand-carved oak boxes clenched between our thighs. â€Å"Might as well start from the beginning.† Out came the same boyish squeak I remembered crying for help during an amphetamine-fueled dip in the Thames one shrill night in the Spring of 1962. â€Å"8 October, 1978: ‘My dearest Kenny, so happy you’ve finally caught up with our old arses and made the jump across the pond. Someone has to keep the music alive, eh? Rolfe and I decided today the name for our second daughter:†¦show more content†¦I’m sure his heart would’ve given out on him eventually, the way he was. But the shite he got himself into with the crown†¦who knows. Lou says he was on some diplomatic trek to the Ukraine. My youngest brother thinks he offed himself after Clara left him and the feds can’t stand the embarrassment, a well-standing air marshal. I’m sure I won’t live to see the truth, so I’m trying not to dwell.† â€Å"That’s a bloody leap from heart failure.† â€Å"And a bloody lot of interest from a man who missed his funeral for a concert.† Kenny looked at the ground and took a breath of cold Welsh air. â€Å"Look, Rolfe. Truth is†¦I couldn’t have made it out there. Believe me, I wanted to.† After a good few moments choking on the hair of my beard, I yanked a crumpled ball of parchment from the depths of my box. As was her nature, Shobana hardly matched Kenny in his dedication to organization. Until this point, I’d accounted his tremors to the Bangor weather. As happens at my age, I had quite a circle of friends and acquaintances stateside suffering from some degree of MS. I should have pinned it out in Kenny from the moment he took stage at the chapel. I guess my mind was occupied. We sat in silence until the nicotine once more got the better of me. â€Å"I’ll tell you, Shobana spoke holy hell about you taking the job with the Bangor Philharmonic, but she never could figure out why. Now it’s all coming together. Can you play anything?†Show MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Design of Decision Support Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Design of Decision Support Systems. Answer: Introduction: Global marketing is a practice that allows the business organization to take advantage of the different global operations. Therefore, the business organizations get opportunities through the global marketing in order to meet the global objectives in a business. However, global marketing has a close relationship with the management orientations (Keegan and Green 2013). Ethnocentric, geocentric, regiocentric and polycentric are the four types of management orientations that influence the global marketing. The products that have universal demand are important for the global marketing. In order to sell a product internationally global marketing is important to adopt for an organization. However, it is crucial for the business organization to concentrate on the global market besides the domestic market. Global pursuit is impacted by the different orientations of the management. This assignment deals with the effects of polycentric, geocentric, ethnocentric and regiocentric management orie ntations on the Global pursuit and different aspects of such orientations. Ethnocentric orientation is the important type of management orientation and leaves a big impact on the global pursuit. Ethnocentric orientation is one type of international recruitment. In this process, the HR recruits the right candidate for the right designation (Rao-Nicholson et al. 2017). The main aim of the ethnocentric approach is to select a candidate based on their skill and willingness in order to become flexible and mix with the organizational culture. In the context of Global pursuit, ethnocentric orientation is significant as it enables the candidates to mix with the organizational culture. However, if the Global pursuit follows the ethnocentric orientation then the main key positions of the organizations will be filled with the candidates of the parent country. Therefore, in this management orientation, the entire decision related to the management is undertaken by the headquarters of the organization. As for example, Zara follows ethnocentric orientation, which enables such organization to make a better coordination between the parent and the host organization. However, the core culture of the parent organization is transferred to the subsidiary organizations through the ethnocentric management process (Mihai et al. 2017). This orientation enables an organization to keep control over its subsidiary in an effective manner. On the other hand, the parent organization can observe the business operation of the subsidiary in a proper way. Therefore, technical skill can be transferred through this way from one branch to another branch. As for example, Zara has established an effective communication between its parent organization and the subsidiaries through this ethnocentric management orientation (Viardot and Nylund 2017). The global pursuit influenced both positively and negatively through this management orientation. As for example, the employee of the parent country often face difficulties in the host countries due to cultural differences as they are not able to flexible in the working place in the context of Zara (Kim and Tanner 2017). However, often-cultural clashes occur between the employees of the host country and the executive of the parent country. For the subsidiaries, it is costly to hire the experts from the parent country that is a big drawback of such orientation, which affects the global pursuit. On the other hand, government restriction is another big barrier of such management orientation to expand or establish branches in a new country. In this approach, failure rate is higher than the success rate. This approach can be effective for the business organization while the organization establishes a new branch in a host country and the executives come from the parent country to give shap e the operation process in the host country. Hence, it can be said that the ethnocentric orientation is good for the Global pursuit to enhance the global marketing, however, it is important to carry out such management practice in a proper way to establish a business in a new country. Polycentric orientation is another type of management orientation that is followed by many organizations in order to develop the global marketing strategies. The management of an organization holds the polycentric approach believe that polycentric orientation is suitable for a business that allows the organization to make a unique operation in the business in global market. However, the business organizations can develop more strategies to run their business in a particular country via polycentric management orientation. As for example, Lidl follows the polycentric orientation while establishes the new business in a country. In the polycentric orientation, the management adopts new strategies for a particular country, which is beneficial for their business. However, Lidl developed their strategy based on UK market as their first business established in that country. Hence, when the subsidiaries are improved and got more profit then they are separated from the mother company. These le t to develop their businesses according to their strategy in particular country (Das and Saha 2017). According to management orientation, it is difficult for the parent organization to understand the local market of a country (Keegan and Green 2013). Hence, by following this orientation the subsidiaries become independent and enhance the business based on the demand of the local market in different countries. Hence, it can be said that polycentric marketing is the enhancement of the ethnocentric viewpoint in the context of a business. Therefore, the business owner understands that it is important to develop the new strategy based on the current market of a country, which gives shape the business in a host country. As for example, Phillips Electronic having their headquarters in Netherland recently following the polycentric orientation in order to develop their products. However, every country is unique in terms of price, product quality, and consumer behavior. Based on this thought Phillips Electronic uses the Polycentric orientation to identify the present criteria of the local mar ket in each country where they have established their subsidiaries. Thus, the marketing executives of such organization develop new marketing approaches with the high degree of autonomy in a country (Zulkafli et al. 2017). Hence, the polycentric orientation enables an organization to create the marketing strategy based on the specific country, which enhances the global operation of an organization and influences the global pursuit. A major difference of the ethnocentric orientation and polycentric orientation is ethnocentric orientation focuses on the integration of organizational culture and the employees while polycentric orientation highlights on the establishment of strategy in a particular country for business. Regiocentric orientation is another vital type of management orientation that followed by many organizations in the global marketing. Regiocentric orientation is an intermediary stage between the geocentric and polycentric orientation. However, the business organizations accept such regional orientation in order to cover the local markets of a group of countries by using regional marketing policies. This policy includes comparable characteristics to enhance the global marketing (Tzempelikos and Gounaris 2015). In this orientation, the organizations develop the strategy based on a large geographic region rather than the single countries. Differences and similarities between the different geographical regions are observed in this process. This orientation enables an organization to get facilities through establishing an interaction between the national and the local business executive of an organization. As for example, Nike one of the popular organization of athletic-shoe follows the regiocentric orientation. However, in the year 2009, they have created a new regional group by including several countries like Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Greater China, emerging market of Japan and North America (Distelhorst et al. 2016). They develop their business strategies based on the differences and similarities of such regions. According to the viewpoint of such organization, the customer behavior of Western Europe is different from the Eastern Europe and Japan market demand is far away from the rest parts of Asia. Based on such differences Nike is able to create their global marketing strategy. Nike follows transformation from the single market to multiple market and products. Apart from Nike, Toyota is another organization that follows regiocentric management orientation. Africa, Oceania, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean are included in their new regional orientation. This organization uses adaption approach based on the demand and economic condition of the countries. However, they offer a similar car in some regions while sometimes their offer is restricted to some specific countries. In American continents, Asia and Europe Toyota offer similar products as the economic conditions of the countries within such continents are similar (Chiarini and Vagnoni 2015). Therefore, Toyota follows hybrid strategy, as different countries possess different standards and consumer behavior. According to such management orientation, Toyota states that product adoption is based on the local market demand while there are the differences between the prices based on the different regions. Thus, they have used hybrid strategy to enhance their globa l marketing strategy. Regiocentric orientation has a major drawback. As for example, the mangers of different subsidiaries at different regions are not able to understand the perspectives of the managers of head office. On the other hand, it is difficult for an organization to provide more experts having international experience to each subsidiary, which ensures the poor decision-making (Chen et al. 2017). Geocentric orientation focuses on the cultural similarities and the differences. In order to achieve the orientation of an organization geocentric management orientation is beneficial (Lin 2015). According to the concept of geocentric orientation, the entire global market should be treated as the potential market. However, the strategies should be developed based on the nature of an individual market. Geocentric organization adopts the universal strategy based on the local market instead of taking individual strategy. Such universal strategy helps an organization to survive in all kinds of markets. However, a geocentric orientation enables the managers of subsidiaries and the head quarters to make a collaborative work. As for example, Samsung follows the geocentric approach in their management orientation. In order to develop a group of senior executives with international experience, this organization adopts such orientation. This enables them to make contacts across the borders. Th e geocentric approach allows the managers of an organization to fulfill the business objectives (Mohammadi et al. 2015). Therefore, any unfair treatment in the organizational operation can be reduced by such management orientation as it brings cultural diversity and reduces the racial discrimination within an organization. One of the major positive aspects of such orientation it enables the employees to share knowledge and learn from each other by sharing their experience. Geocentric orientation highlights on the cultural value of the individuals in an organization, as it is an essential part of every work sector. However, Toyota also follows geocentric orientation to bring cultural diversity to the employees. For the best organization, it is important to get the return, which is higher than their expenditure. For this purpose, it is important for such organizations to satisfy their customers and make them loyal. Hence, by following geocentric orientation Toyota is able to establish a collaborative work between their employees, which is a big part to meet the demand of the customers (Okoro 2013). For a successful organization, it is necessary to train their employees in a proper way and make them loyal. This is part of geocentric orientation. Geocentrism highlights on the collaborative work between the employees of headquarters and the subsidiary branch and it are more efficient than polycentric and ethnocentric orientation. Training is the best part o f geocentric orientation, which is costly. This is the major drawbacks of geocentric orientation. However, Toyota and Samsung have successfully implemented the geocentric orientation to develop a collaborative association between the employees of the mother country and the subsidiaries, which is beneficial for their business in the global market. The above piece of work highlights on the ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric and the geocentric management orientation. However, such different orientations have both positive and negative impact on the different organizations. It is important for the organization to make a similarity between the headquarters and the subsidiaries. Therefore, the executives of the headquarters need to take control over the business operation of the subsidiaries that is done by following the ethnocentric orientation. However, the polycentric orientation makes the subsidiaries independent. On the other hand, the experts should have the international business knowledge to understand the operational level of the subsidiaries. Regocentric focuses on the similarities and differences of the subsidiaries while geocentric focuses on the cultural similarities and the dissimilarities. It can be concluded that each management orientation needs to be applied properly to make an organization global and effecti ve in the international market. References Chen, H., Chen, H., Anselmi, K., Anselmi, K., Falasca, M., Falasca, M., Tian, Y. and Tian, Y., 2017. Measuring returns management orientation.The International Journal of Logistics Management,28(2), pp.251-265. Chiarini, A. and Vagnoni, E., 2015. World-class manufacturing by Fiat. Comparison with Toyota production system from a strategic management, management accounting, operations management and performance measurement dimension.International Journal of Production Research,53(2), pp.590-606. Das, M. and Saha, V., 2017. A Study on Consumer Ethnocentrism and Social Comparison in Rural India: Implications for Marketing Strategy.South Asian Journal of Management,24(1), p.141. Distelhorst, G., Hainmueller, J. and Locke, R.M., 2016. Does lean improve labor standards? Management and social performance in the Nike supply chain.Management Science,63(3), pp.707-728. Keegan, W.J. and Green, M.C., 2013, Global Marketing, 7th Edition (Global Edition), Pearson Education Inc. Kim, J. and Tanner, T., 2017. Antecedents to Global Consumption Orientation: Meanings of Brand. Lin, H.F., 2015. Linking knowledge management orientation to balanced scorecard outcomes.Journal of Knowledge Management,19(6), pp.1224-1249. Mihai, R.L., B?jan, I.F. and Cre?u, A., 2017. Performance management in the context of globalization.Theoretical and Applied Economics,24(1 (610), Spring), pp.203-208. Mohammadi, M.A.D., Khan, M.N.A.A., Karami, M. and Sadatifar, S.R., 2015. Human Resource Management Orientation and Market Orientation Effect on Perceived Organizational Performance Mediated by Innovation.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,23(9), pp.2155-2165. Okoro, E., 2013. International organizations and operations: An analysis of cross-cultural communication effectiveness and management orientation. Rao-Nicholson, R., Rao-Nicholson, R., Khan, Z. and Khan, Z., 2017. Standardization versus adaptation of global marketing strategies in emerging market cross-border acquisitions.International Marketing Review,34(1), pp.138-158. Tzempelikos, N. and Gounaris, S., 2015. Key account management orientation and its impact on companys performancean empirical study. InThe Sustainable Global Marketplace(pp. 44-47). Springer, Cham. Viardot, E. and Nylund, P.A., 2017. Conquering the Digital Customer: How Zara Is Confronting the.Socio-Economic Perspectives on Consumer Engagement and Buying Behavior, p.334. Zulkafli, Z., Perez, K., Vitolo, C., Buytaert, W., Karpouzoglou, T., Dewulf, A., De Bievre, B., Clark, J., Hannah, D.M. and Shaheed, S., 2017. User-driven design of decision support systems for polycentric environmental resources management.Environmental Modelling Software,88, pp.58-73.

The Employee Effectiveness

Question: Write an essay onThe employees effectiveness and efficiencies . Answer: Introduction The employees effectiveness and efficiencies improves the productivity of the organization. The issues that employees face throughout the world are large. The issues need to remove to that employees would able to give is maximum support in growth and development for Talent Plus the present company. The issues range from diversity to communication problem. The issues can be handled through importing proper training and development for the employees. The training would help them to take decision and motivate them for their work. Theories can implement so that they overcome from the issues and the problems. The employees become efficient and unable to improve their production after certain points. The research has conducted with hose employees of Talent Plus who are not motivated. Face-to- face was conducted to ensure the problem between the employees. The conversation pointed out the problems mentioned under Organizational issues. Effective measures has adopted thorough a training and development plan. The plan needs to cover some topics which are discuses throughout. Organizational issues Talent Plus consists of different individuals who have different perspective of their own. The organization is a medium sized organization. The belief and the viewpoint with each individual employee are different. Moreover, Talent Plus has different vision that cannot be same with the individuals growth perspective. However, there are some common issues, which the organization faces in its daily operation. The issues create conflict among employees. Moreover, it creates an individual to loss the motivation from their part. The problems can arise because of different in values and interests. The organizations poor communication can become a problem for the employee. The most major and common problems that the employees face in the organizations are discussed (Mowday et al. 2013). Wage and hour issues- Employers of Talent Plus have variety wage related errors in the organization. The federal standard of wage mandates a higher minimum wage. The most common error comes when salaried employees are diminished from the overtime and the minimum wage requirement. Another issue in relation with the wage error comes when the employees have to begin or end the duties beyond their shifting hours. Hiring, retention and firing- employees get disturbed for frequent hiring and firing policies. Courts and the administrative agencies have to deal with ample number of cases for the harassment from the employee end. The hiring and firing policies of Talent Plus enables to create a negative effect among their mind. It creates to lose their self confidence and motivation (Muller 2013). Safely requirements- Talent Plus is a medium sized company. It has limited funds which restricts it to adopt from the new technologies of safety requirements. It creates people to insecure about their safety measures. However the organizations have already adopted safety measures and risk assessment in the company but, it makes them feel insecure inside it. Job performance- Talent Plus is growing in a fast pace. It gives options for thee employees to growth with them. However it creates a sense of dissatisfaction at the time of appraisal. Moreover it creates tension for the improvement of the performance which they need to undergo on daily basis. Ineffective leadership- Ineffective leaders in the organizations initiate to reduce the motivation for the employees. It creates a communication gap between the employees. Moreover under their supervision they cannot utilize fully their skills (Krasikova et al. 2013). The problems and issues that the employees face in their daily life workplace are huge in number. However the address of such issues needs to initiate an effective an efficient plan. The organizations needs to understand the problems and acts upon it. The problems of the workplace issues create to decrease the effectiveness in terms of providing the service. The organization need to indulge policies against it. The organization need to adopt policies ti enable their competency skills (Cummings and Worley 2014). Motivation Motivation in the organization would imply to understand their goals and they can target it. Motivation is involved with the activation and the direction of the energy. Activation involves the needs and the desires of thee employees (Miner 2015). While, directional refers the way where the energy is channel in. the motivation process can be depicted from the following diagram. The figure 1 shows that motivation lies through the relationship between the needs, goals and drives. The employees need to understand the concept of motivation through initiating Maslows Need hierarchy theory. The theory explains that the individuals level of expectation can be fulfilled through the hierarchy of needs. The theory explains that the five-stage model can be divided into three parts basic, needs and growth needs. Talent Plus need to adopt the model to motivate their employees. The five needs are the psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs and self actualization needs. The organization need to cater all the needs so that they get motivated (Pinder 2014). Talent Plus can also adopt the expectancy theory. It explains that people gets motivated through the belief of the effort that will lead to the acceptable performance, performance through they will be rewarded and the value of the reward which needs to be highly positive. The follow of such would help the organization to make their employees successful in their performance. Besides, it helps the employees to initiate a successful performance through the desired rewards. Figure 4 shows that the expectancy model directly deals with the satisfaction of the employees. The employees will be satisfied as they will be motivated through the action and the goal attainment. Leadership The understanding of the importance for the qualities of the leaders would help to solve Talent Plus the issues in the organization. Effective leaders enable to create a better ambience for the organization. The leadership program or training does not involve only the mangers but all the employees. The leadership approach would help the employees for better understating of their role and better understanding of their position (Storey 2016). It helps to The trait theory explains that the qualities associated with the leadership exist in abundance and continue to produce. It enables to identify the key characteristics of the successful leaders. The theory explains that certain traits are common to leaders they are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity and sociability (Colbert et al. 2012). The training on the leadership should initiate the traits and make them understand the importance of it into employees character. The Behavioral Theories of Leadership enables to study the behavior of the leaders. It enables to differentiate the leaders from the non-leaders. The most two popular study is discussed. Iowa leadership studies- it studies on the determination for that effects the leaders on the group. It shows that differ leaders have different style of leadership qualities to produce for differ groups. Ohio state leadership studies- It indentifies the common leadership behaviors of the leaders. There are two groups of behaviors, which are strongly correlated with each other. They are defined as considerations or the People Oriented Behavior Leaders and initiating Structure or the task oriented Leaders. The task-oriented leader focuses on the behavior of the organization structure and the operating procedure. They are self-motivated. However, he people oriented leaders focus on the behaviors that ensure the inner needs of the people are satisfied. They motivate the staff through emplacing on the human relation (Dinh et al. 2014). The development of such model would help them to understand the importance of the leadership quality in their daily life. It also initiates o make the leadership quality among them. Through Ohio stage leadership studies they will enable to understand the type of leaders they are. It will help them to motivate and improve in their performance (Storey 2016). Job design Job design is the arrangement, which reduce job dissatisfaction among employees. Talent Plus needs to adopt the job design procedure. It will help them to increase the productivity of the organization through the non-monetary rewards to the employees. It will initiate the employees to increase the sense of personal achievement in meeting the challenge and the responsibility in their work. Job design initiates the job enlargement. Job enrichment, job rotation and job implication as a technique in the job design (Wood et al. 2012). The basis of the job design can be classified through the three most important strain of thought. Classical thought- the Max Weber and Henri Fayol explained it. The mangers indentify the purpose of the organization. Jobs are created to work groups, departments and divisions. Each group is assigned under a supervisor who is responsible for the result. Behavioral theory- it ensures the authority to match the position and tries to attain higher efficiency through the specialization of labor. The employees need o be free to discuss problems with the supervisors. It further helps in taking the decisions and communicate with the employees when solve the problems (Holman et al. 2014). Situational theory- it influences the external environment and allocates the responsibilities of the task within the organization. Diversity Workplace diversity refers diversified propel in the organizations. Diversity does mean the adoption of race, gender, ethnic group, personality, organizational background etc. the employees need to understand the importance of diversity in the workplace. The diversity of people sometimes enables to create a negative impact among them (Mamman et al. 2012). The arrangement and the development need to develop in the way that the employees understand the importance of the diversity in the workplace. The employees need to understand the meaning of it thorough the different approach. Increase in the productivity- the training need to involve the importance of the diversity in the workplace. The employees need understand that when the people from diverse background come they share their different ideas, which help to growth organization. The employee can even share the ideas with them Knowledge about new culture- Diversity in workplace of Talent Plus enables to gather knowledge about new knowledge and have more idea about new place. It will help to know innovations in terms of knowledge gathering. Capture more market- It enables to capture more market. The employee with diversified sate will share the knowledge about the market. It will enable the organization to understand and grow more in capturing the market. New process- diversity of Talent Plus enables to meet people with diversified background and initiates to create new process as it enables to initiate different ideas of different background. It would help for increasing the efficiency for the employee. The employee would learn new innovative ideas. It also helps them to adapt new situations (Jonsen 2013). Language skills- diversity enables employees to learn about new language. It helps them to learn the different types of language. The employees of Talent Plus need to understand in the training that if the organization need to process any foreign language for adopting and technology for product from foreign counter. They did not need to call some form foreign. It will not ensure efficiency but also helps to reduce cost (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Communication The training for the employees of Talent Plus to overcome the issues and the problems in the organization can be solved through proper development of communication. The communication gap between the mangers and the employees some creates a barrier for the organization (Broadbent 2013). The training would not only again include the employees but also the mangers of the respective teams of the organization. The proper communication process is the process through which the sender encodes the message to the receiver and the receiver decodes it. While, in the feedback process the receiver encode the message and receiver decodes it. The process of the communication needs to be clear for both the massage and the feedback process. The communication process can either be verbal and can be non-verbal. The organization uses both the types to send the message. However in both ways there are barrier, which sometime block the communication. Communication Barrier Process barrier- the communication process can be better utilized through the effective and good communication however sometimes because of the situations, it becomes impossible. First among it is the sender barrier. For example, a new joined employee failed to give his innovative ideas in front of supervisors for fear of criticism. Another barrier is the encoding barrier. Example is that a Spanish-speaking employee in Talent Plus cannot get English-speaking administrator to understand the working condition. The receiver barrier is another important barrier. For example, the finance manger asks the team member to repeat the statement as he was not attentive during the conversation. Semantic Barrier- Technology plays an important part in the semantic barrier of communication. Every organization is technically advanced. Talent Plus expansion is the result of it. Now, if an employee does not understand any technical term then they cannot understand the message (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Psychological Barrier- the three important concepts associated with the psychological barrier is the experience, filtering and the psychological distance. Experience includes employees background, values, biasness, needs and the expectation. If the senders field of experience overlaps with the receiver then communication becomes difficult. Filtering is the turning towards emotionally what we see rather than the actual one. The psychological distance is the distance, which creates because of attitude of superiority. Improvement of effective communication Senders responsibility- the sender needs to understands the development and maintenance of the interpersonal skills and communicates effectively to the receiver. The message needs to be clear. It should include professionalism rather than consisting of any personal statement or overview. Receivers responsibility- the receiver needs to be patient while decoding the message. The encoding message at the time of feedback needs to clear and fast. The sender needs to understand the overview of the receiver. They need to ask questions if it become difficult for him to decode the message (Robbins and Judge 2012). Conclusion Effective training and procedure is the best method to overcome the employees form the barriers. The concepts clearly define that it would help the employees of Talent Plus to take decisions and proper measure for it. The motivation theories would help them the employees to grow and expand in their career. It will help them to understand the goals. Besides, the concept of leadership would help them in the decision aiming process and initiates confidence among them. Diversity is one the main problem in organization. The employees need to understand the importance and the value of the same. Effective communication can able to remove the gap between the mangers and the team members. Reference list: Alwi, A., Mustapha, R.M.R., Othman, A.K., Shahid, S.A.M. and Azmi, F.S., 2016. Change-Centered, Employee-Centered and Product-Centered Leadership Behaviours and Organizational Commitment.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity,6(7), p.496. Baldwin, T.T., Bommer, W.H. and Rubin, R.S., 2012. Managing organizational behavior: What great managers know and do. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Colbert, A.E., Judge, T.A., Choi, D. and Wang, G., 2012. 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Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012.Essentials of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Storey, J. ed., 2016.Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge. Wood, S., Van Veldhoven, M., Croon, M. and de Menezes, L.M., 2012. Enriched job design, high involvement management and organizational performance: The mediating roles of job satisfaction and well-being.Human relations,65(4), pp.419-445.