Marketing Paper -- essays research papers

Barnes and magisterial is one of the biggest booksellers in the world. This wasnt al ways so. B&N started off as a small bookstore in New York City. During that time, the store was not doing very well. Actually, it was about to close when it was bought by another store. Being bought out was one of the best things that could have happened to the store. Barnes and Noble today, has changed the way people shop for books whether it is in one of their stores, or online. B&N has revolutionized the book buying experience. I want to discuss two ways in which they have done that. One way that B&N has done this is by making their stores so comfortable and inviting, and two is by gap their online store.Walking into a Barnes and Noble, I feel immediately comfortable. The way they have their stores set up makes it easy to browse, explore, and even to sit and read. With their cafes, comfy couches and chairs, B&N encourages customers to enjoy themselves. They are selling a whole experience, not just a book (Barnes and Noble.com). That is what makes them so unique in the book business.With the opening of their online store, B&N at first had problems. It was in 1996, that they first launched and estimated expense was over 50 million dollars (Trafficlabs.com). The reason for the problems was that the internet was relatively new, and Amazon had already carven out a niche for books online. It was in the combining of the brick and mortar store, and online services that saved ...

Rodgers and Hammerstein Essay -- essays research papers

Rodgers and Hammerstein CollaborationsOklahoma The first collaboration of Rodgers and Hammerstein was entitled Oklahoma The idea of the musical came from a play called Green Grow the Lilacs, written by Lynn Riggs in 1931. This story is about the state of Oklahoma at the turn of the century, when the Indian Territory joined the United States. It is the story of a girl named Laurey Williams and her (sort of) love trilateral with two boys by the names of Curley McClain and Jud Fry. Laurey is in love with Curley, but she attends a dance with Jud instead. At the dance, Curley surprised Laurey by bidding an enormous amount on the basket of food she has prepared. They soon marry, and after the wedding, Jud starts a fight with Curley, but he loses. Jud is accidentally stabbed, but Curley was acquitted. Curley and his new wife live happily invariably after in the great place of Oklahoma.This musical opened at St. James Theatre on March 31, 1943 and ran for 2,212 performances. It was direct ed by Rouben Mamoulain and choreographed by Agnes de Mille. Oklalahoma became so popular that it was decided to make it into a movie. The movie would be pretty similar, including some of the musicals famous songs, such as Oh, What a pretty Mornin, The Surrey With the Fringe on Top, People Will Say Were In Love, and Oklahoma.The film version of the same name was released October 11, 1955. Agnes de Mille again, choreographed it. Shirley Jones vie the role of Laurey Williams, while Gordon MacRea played Curley McClain. Carousel On April 19, 1945 the musical Carousel opened at the Majestic Theatre in New York. It was based on the play entitled Liliom by Ferenc Molnar. This was a story about a young man named Billy Bigelow and his young wife Julie Jordan. Billy is a carnival barker, but soon looses his job. This upsets him because he knows that Julie is about to have a child, so he attempts to get more money by means of robbery. He then is forced to kill himself to light arrest. Billy then goes to Heaven. Some time later, Billy is allowed to go back to earth for only 24 hours to see his unhappy daughter Louise, who is 15 geezerhood old. Billy steals a star to give to his daughter, but she refuses it. He slaps her in the face, but she isnt upset by the action. Billy gets to know his daughter and gives her a better... ... and Hammerstein was also their last. The musical came from The Trapp Family Singers, by Maria Augusta Trapp. It opened on November 16, 1959 in New York and ran for 1,443 performances. This was the story of a girl named Maria Rainer who is sent to the field of operations of a widower named Capt. Georg Von Trapp, to watch over his children. They both fall in love with each other, but say nothing because Georg is engaged to a fuddled woman named Elsa Schraeder. They realize they are in love, and soon get married. They are forced to leave Austria because it has been invaded by the Germans. Georg must return to the navy. The two and the children es cape the Germans. galore(postnominal) songs were incorporated into the story line, such as The Sound of Music, My Favorite Things, and So Long, Farewell.The Sound of Music soon became a film. It premiered on March 2, 1965. Julie Andrews played the trip of Maria, who played Cinderella before. There has been at least one revival since, on March 16, 1998 in New York.http//www.geocities.com/ding3371/http//www.geocities.com/Broadway/Booth/7900/

Cold war: bridging the gap to peace Essay -- essays research papers

cold War Bridging the Gap to PeaceOne might argue that the Cold War divided the world which is still present today. It also pulled countries ties with other countries further apart. However, these people fail to realize that the main superpowers of the Cold War are closer together than ever before. Both The United States and Russia (former U.S.S.R.) are now working together to limit the number of strategic weapons further from what was settled at SALT I and SALT II. There are also numerous other areas where both the United States and Russia have plough closer in relations than ever before. This created a stable world peace for the time being.The Arms Race in the Cold War brought around plenty of newly designed weapons capable of massive destruction. By 1969, both the United States and U.S.S.R. have developed over one thousand missiles to be use at their disposal. At the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U.S.S.R., both countries looked for ways to reduce the number of arms to prevent this atrocity from every misfortune again. In 1979, SALT-II was signed by the devil countries but was lost over a quarrel over Afghanistan. What people dont realize was that the negotiation resumed and created a new program to further limit the number of ICBMs and other weapons of mass destruction. This program was entitled START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty). Besides including the two countries, Soviet satellite countries joined the ...

Teen Pregnancy :: Teenage Pregnancy

date many teens that engage in pre-marital sex never become pregnant, some are non as fortunate. Teen motherhood has become all too common in this day and age. Some teens think it will not happen to them and do not use necessary precautions to protect against it. There are several causes for teen pregnancy and the effects can be life changing.Several causes for teen pregnancy are the need for affection, acceptance, and unprotected sex. One may have a poor home life and look for affection from a peer. The simple require to feel loved by another person may be a cause for an unexpected pregnancy. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance in the bedroom. However, many teens that have a wonderful, affectionate family and are very confidante are but looking for the few minutes of pleasure and avoid using protection. As several teens use the excuse that sex feels better with out a condom, an unclaimed pregnancy is likely to occur. One major effect of teen pregnancy is that the child may be raised by a single parent. While most girls are looking for love and acceptance in sex, many guys are looking for the mere pleasure and are not planning on becoming a teen father. The pressures of high school and hanging out with friends may be overwhelming for some teens, so they just leave. Raising a child as teen is difficult, but rise a child alone would be almost impossible. Many teens become overwhelmed with the stresses of high school and raising a baby therefore, dropping out of school may seem like the best option. Attending school five days a week, study for classes, and raising a baby would be overwhelming for most teens. One would have to pay for babysitting and many other expenses for the child that a realm time job income could not cover. Dropping out of high school to work full time may seem like a nifty idea at the moment, but the jobs one applies for may be limited because the lack of a high school diploma.

Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

One obvious theme that I picked up when I read Invisible Man was the theme of invisibility. I recall the theme of invisibility has different meanings to it. One meaning is that invisibility suggests the unwillingness of others to adjoin the individual as a person. The fibber is invisible because people see in him only what they want to see, not what he really is. Invisibility, in this meaning, has a strong sense of racial prejudice. White people often do not see black people as individual human beings. Another meaning of the theme of invisibility is the idea that it suggests separation from society. While the narrator is in his hole, he is invisible. He cannot be seen by society. He is invisible because he chooses to stay apart. Invisibility, in this meaning, is similar to hibernation, with the narrators choice to remain in his cave and think. This meaning of the theme doesnt relate to me, but in a way, relates to the poet, Emily Dickinson, who wrote, The Wind Tapped Like a Tir ed Man. Dickinson withdrew from the world in her early twenties and became a recluse. Its like Emily chose to be isolated from the rest of the world, just like the narrator in Invisible Man did. The third meaning is that invisibility indicates lack of self-hood. A person is invisible if he has no self, no identity. If a person doesnt have a soul, spirit, personality, etc., then(prenominal) they seem like a ghost, a thing who is cold and invisible.Invisible Man may be read as a story well-nigh the narrators development. It is a first-person narrative, and because you produce the novel through the narrator, you get to know him better than anyone else. One pattern of development is that of innocence to experience. At first, the narrator is extremely innocent and does not understand what is happening to him. He does not believe people are bad. He does not see that Bledsoe is making a fool of him. As he suffers, he learns. With experience, he begins to see the world more as it really is. Experience teaches him to be a better judge. This relates to me, because experience is a major importance in my life. Four years ago, when I first started forensics, I was innocent or inexperienced. But as I started experiencing invigorated techniques of how to present the speech, I learned more and, therefore becoming a better judge.

Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

whiz obvious estimation that I picked up when I aver Invisible Man was the theme of invisibility. I think the theme of invisibility has different meanings to it. One meaning is that invisibility suggests the unwillingness of others to see the individual as a person. The narrator is invisible because people see in him only what they want to see, not what he really is. Invisibility, in this meaning, has a strong perceive of racial prejudice. White people often do not see black people as individual human beings. Another meaning of the theme of invisibility is the idea that it suggests separation from society. While the narrator is in his hole, he is invisible. He cannot be seen by society. He is invisible because he chooses to remain apart. Invisibility, in this meaning, is similar to hibernation, with the narrators choice to remain in his cave and think. This meaning of the theme doesnt relate to me, but in a way, relates to the poet, Emily Dickinson, who wrote, The lead Tapped Li ke a Tired Man. Dickinson withdrew from the world in her early twenties and became a recluse. Its like Emily chose to be isolated from the rest of the world, just like the narrator in Invisible Man did. The third meaning is that invisibility indicates lack of self-hood. A person is invisible if he has no self, no identity. If a person doesnt have a soul, spirit, personality, etc., then they seem like a ghost, a thing who is cold and invisible.Invisible Man may be read as a story about the narrators development. It is a first-person narrative, and because you experience the novel through the narrator, you get to know him better than anyone else. One pattern of development is that of innocence to experience. At first, the narrator is extremely gratis(p) and does not understand what is happening to him. He does not believe people ar bad. He does not see that Bledsoe is making a fool of him. As he suffers, he learns. With experience, he begins to see the world more as it real ly is. Experience teaches him to be a better judge. This relates to me, because experience is a major importance in my life. Four years ago, when I first started forensics, I was innocent or inexperienced. But as I started experiencing new techniques of how to present the speech, I learned more and, therefore becoming a better judge.

History of Psychology Essay

I decl are that this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted in any figure of speech for some another(prenominal) unit, degree or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been adjudge in the text and a list of references is given. I warrant that any disks and/or computer files submitted as part of this assignment have been checked for viruses and account clean.Student signature __________________________Date __________________________AbstractThis paper look ats to trace and analyze the historical development of the subjective nature of the true, the sources and reactions towards the guess. The implications of the theory of subjective fair play are vast since a position on the nature of truth permeates ones ad hominem life goals and purposes, cognition, and morality of individual and hence to a fault affects enquiry methodology and psychotherapy.Subjectivism focus es on individuals thoughts and feelings as surface as the proposition that knowledge of worlds can never be separated from the knower. This literature review covers the conception of truth as being subjective during the time of the early Greek philosophers, present within Hellenistic and Ro world psychology and persisting within wild-eyed and existential philosophy, valet de chambre-centered psychology and the bettermentes of the postmodernists in the mid-1960s.Keywords subjective truth, history, postmodernismThe Subjective Nature Of Truth A Historical DevelopmentThe constant tension of whether truth is aim or subjective has long since existed throughout history and continues to pervade in current schools of psychotherapies. Science versus Humanism is the term Conway (1992) gives to the philosophical dimension along which the value underlying the theories of psychologists differ. A scientific approach to psychology is establish on the epistemological tradition of objectivism . Mahoney (1989) summarizes objectivism as beliefs that an objective and separate real world lies beyond the organism, independent of perception and that valid knowledge is ultimately rendered from our sensory experiences, and can be totally separated from the knower (Mahoney, 1989 as cited in Conway, 1992).In contrast, the humane approach to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of subjectivism which focuses on thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, knowledge of humans can never be separated from the knower (Conway, 1992). collectable to different theories on the nature of truth, methodology for observing consciousness and the role of inner experience differ. The human skill approach to psychology seeks to explain air in terms of a persons subjective existence (Kendler, 2005). Humanistic psychology and philosophical phenomenology are two schools of thought that employ the human science interpretation of psychology (Kendler, 2005). The implications of the theory of t he relativity of truth is seen in the individuals individualised life goals, purpose of life, cognitive styles, morality, ethics, counseling goals, research methodology and conceptualization of definitions.Due to the great relevance of the topic to psychology, this essay traces and analyzes the historical development of the subjective nature of truth, the sources and reactions towards the theory. primeval Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology The Sophists were a group of philosophers who gestated that nothing is inherently right or wrong but that believing something is right scores it right and vice versa (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41). Protagoras (485-420 B.C.) was the most popular Sophist who proposed that man is the measure of all things, meaning that man determines whether something is true or untrue and hence, truth depends on the perceiver not physical reality (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41).The context of this prospect of the nature of truth is that Protagoras li ved in the Periclean democracy where skills for effective communication were valuable to own especially in the political sphere (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 42) where some beliefs were more preferential to utilitarian harmony than others. Hence, Protagoras was primarily interested in teaching effective argumentation to demonstrate the practicality of the relativity of truth. Socrates (470-399 B.C.) disagreed with the Sophists view that no truth exists beyond personal opinion. In the second century A.D., a school of thought named Skepticism promoted suspension of judgment and preferred to say This is how things appear to me rather than to claim having arrived at irrevocable truth (Hergenhahn, 2009).They were of the view that dogmatists constantly fought amongst themselves and were always agitated unlike the Skeptics who sought a life of peace and lived by two primary guides appearances (sensations and feelings) and loving regulation (Hergenhahn, 2009). Displaying a similarity with the So phists and the Skeptics, the Cynics such as Diogenes (412-323) advocated individualism and that true happiness depended on self-sufficiency and living a life that was natural, rejecting any figure of control, be it bodily or favorable control. The issue of moving away from absolute truth and towards a relativistic conception of truth, individual feelings, opinions, social convention or whatever truth brings gain (e.g., political status or living peaceably with others) will manifest itself once again throughout history.Instrumental theory of truth Profitability as criteria for truth William James (1842-1910) was of the view that ideas become true as long as they help people satisfactorily have-to doe with with other parts of ones experience (De Waal, 2005, p. 43). James proposes that it is far from essential for our thoughts, beliefs or in other words, conceptions of truth, to copy reality. Hence, he opposes the singularity of truth and posits that multiple, though different bel iefs are acceptable. In contrast, in that respect can only be one truth for the empiricists and the rationalists since truth is the perfect copy of reality (De Waal, 2005, p. 47). found on pragmatic rulers, James proposes that any hypothesis cannot be rejected if there are useful resolutenesss that come from it. Pragmatism is hence a rule that views any truth as true as long as it profits. In other words, the pragmatists notion of truth is that beliefs originating from within ones self but does not copy anything without the believer will still count as true when these lead people to directions that are pricewhile (De Waal, 2005, p. 50).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards whichever concept, idea or belief brings profit is a pattern seen even during the Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology. A profit-focused approach to handling truth, as proposed by the pragmatists, will strongly permeate and an underlying p rinciple in approaching philosophies and approaches to psychology such as romanticism, existentialism, humanistic and postmodern psychology.Romantic and existential philosophy Feelings, human superior and freedomIn the late 18th century, an exquisite and intellectual movement named romanticism rebelled against Enlightenment rationality that overemphasized linear and the investigation of realises by trying to add feelings and intuition to rationality (Schneider, 1998). Romanticism emphasized the wholeness of experience via implicit processes such as affect, intuition, kinesthesia, imagination as well as the descriptions of these processes (Schneider, 1998). Rousseau was of the view that facts of history were of less importance than what values can be learned from them and that history should be considered as a collection of fables (Rousseau, 1762 as cited in Robinson, 2008).This type of thinking is seen again in Postmodernist thinking later(prenominal) on in history although t o Rousseau, historical facts were not subjective but unknowable because of human error and interpretation. In psychology, romanticism is manifested in orientations of existential-humanistic, hermeneutical, narrative, and transpersonal psychologies (Schneider, 1998). Carl Rogers of the school of humanistic psychology, whose thoughts will be further explored later on in this paper, has much similarity with the romantics since experience is Rogers highest authority and makes decisions based on what feels emphasis mine right, valuable or worth doing (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593). Like romanticism, existentialism stresses subjective experience.The existentialists (18th and 19th centuries) encourage us humans to consider the meaning of living authentically, in ones own personal way (Oaklander, 1992). If one chooses freely, one chooses authentically and leads an authentic life. Since there are no objective values for the existentialist, it depends more on how one chooses rather than what thei r choice is. An existential philosopher, Kierkegaard proposed that each persons life individually has its own self-determined meaning. Subjectivity is truth, that is, the persons beliefs define that persons reality (Oaklander, 1992, p. 577).though the existentialist philosophers differ in their views in a few aspects of their thinking, one common theme is the emphasis on human freedom and choice and the related slogan of Sartre that existence precedes essence which means that humans have no prepackaged nature or essence but that we are is what we choose to be (Oaklander, 1992). In other words, subjectivity must be the starting point (Oaklander, 1992). Sartre also says that Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity Influenced by existential philosophy, a brand of contemporary psychology which has the key concepts of freedom, individuality, authenticity and responsibility emerged called exist ential psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The man who is broadly considered to be the bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology is Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) who is of the view that there is no ultimate truth but emphasizes interpretation and that there is no real meaning behind a phenomenon (Daitz, 2011). He proposed that humans choose nature of their own existence and it is worthy of notice that Heidegger chose to be commit to Nazism (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards personal truth as self-defined by individuals as well as the unfortunate consequence of individuals freely choosing what they think is right or desirable which may conflict with what society views as desirable. This will manifest itself again with slight differences in humanistic and postmodern psychology.Humanistic psychology An application of subjective truthIn the early 1960s, humanistic psychology, a new hum an science that would study humans as aware, choosing and emotional beings, appeared in reaction to traditional scientific approaches to psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). Unlike the two existing schools of psychology, behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which appropriate determinism in explaining human behavior, humanistic psychology assumes humans are free to choose their own existence and that subjective reality is the most important cause of behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586).Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was of the view that humanistic science should allow the individual to be freer and more inner determined (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586). What he deemed as self-actualization is what humans achieve when they are true to their own nature (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 587). Carl Rogers (1902-1987) also proposed that a person who is likely to live a fulfilling l ife is motivated by his true inner feelings instead of beliefs, traditions and values imposed by others outdoor(a) the individual (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593).Rogers started the movement of Person-Centered therapy which stress an essential trust in the experiential world of the lymph gland and stress three conditions to promote the clients return congruence (genuineness on the therapist part), true empathy, unconditional positive regard. A limitation that Owen (1999) notes in his analysis of some(prenominal) psychoanalysis and person-centred therapy is the conflict for the person-centred therapist to both communicate unconditional positive regard as well as congruence with a negative feeling most a client. In other words, prizing the client and also at the same time, being sincere with personal feelings towards client.This poses a question of what a therapist should rightly do when being honest also means being non-empathic and withholding unconditional positive regard from the client. This problem of congruency undeniably stems from the theory of truth and its subjective nature since what the therapist believes to be true and what the client believes to be true are both equally true if the assumption is that the individual self-defines truth. Postmodernism approaches Contemporary development of the theory of truth Modernists believe in objective reality that exists independent of any attempt to observe it whereas postmodernists believe in subjective realities that do not exist independent of empirical processes (Corey, 2005).Postmodernism is similar to the romantics, existentialists, the Sophists, and Skeptics and aspects of James psychology in that there multiple truths and these vary with individual experience, thus paving the way for postmodernism. According to Schneider (1998), the postmodernist were different from the romantics in that postmodernists promote a relativistic chaos when this conflicted with the sensibility of Romanticism (Schneider, 19 98). The Romantics assumed knowledge as determinate and argued for the universality of autonomous experience while postmodernism assumes it as indeterminate and relativistic, thus fragmenting knowledge and experience (Webb, 2006).Similar to James pragmatism, the postmodernist is of the view that a problem exists only when people agree there is a problem needing to be addressed. Narrative therapy is an application of the Postmodernist approach to psychology and encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives (Corey, 2005). The clients reality is focused on without disagreeing whether it is finished or rational (Weishaar, 1993 as cited in Corey, 2005). Unlike traditional therapists who see the client as the problem, the narrative therapists believe that the problem is the problem (Corey, 2005). This separation of client from problem allows one to take a stance against specific storylines, be hopeful in generating a more positive, healing story and thus minify sel f-blame.The therapist searches for times when the client made a choice and times when the client was successful (Corey, 2005, p. 403). Very similar to the assumptions of the Cynics and particularly the Romantics, the Postmodernist approach is based on the optimistic assumption that people are able and that they possess alternative stories that can enhance their lives (Corey, 2005, p. 403). The nature of truth and the approach to psychology emerging research direction Within the United States and internationally, Kirschenbaum and Jourdan (2005) carried out a survey that found an increasing number of therapists who identify themselves as eclectic or compositional amongst Carl Rogers client-centered/person-centered therapists over the past 30 years.In his writing on the topic of romanticisms potential in complementing psychology, Schneider (1998) writes that experimental research, whether in hypothesis- make or verification, cannot richly replace romantic insights and needs to refer back to qualitative data that Romantics emphasize (Schneider, 1998). Hence, there are advantages in employing research as well as therapy methodology that take into account aspects of the intuitive and emotional aspect of human beings that romanticism emphasizes. In view of the advantages, Schneider also writes about the implications for therapists in training. He proposes the homework of rich and sensitive qualitative descriptions of their clients in addition to treatment plans that are problem-oriented or behavioral in focus (Schneider, 1998).Therapists in training should also endure attention to emotional, kinesthetic, and cognitive experiences of clients. Besides just assessing progress toward therapy goals, the meaning of therapy goals for clients should also be considered. Schneider is of the view that therapist with the full range of experiential data about their clients would be in an optimal position to collate essential data for a treatment plan. Hence, research should be done to measure the effectiveness of this approach to therapy in addition to (i.e., eclectic approaches) or instead of traditional approaches.In his comparison of person-centred therapy with psychodynamic therapy, Owen (1999) notes the possibility of conflict that person-centred therapists might face in trying to be congruent to their own personal feelings while at the same time, being non-judgmental and providing unconditional positive regard. Further research should be carried out in the battlefield of long-term consequences to the therapist and to the client as well as strategies that can be employed when there is a conflict in the congruence of the therapist and the therapist provision of unconditional positive regard.Research may also include investigating the incorporation of one aspect of the psychodynamic approach which is neutrality (neither making interpretations nor providing unconditional positive regard) towards the clients sharing of his personal experience or thou ghts (Owen, 1999). Neutrality allows for a full range of emotions including negative emotions of the client.ConclusionWhether truth is absolute and independent of the knower and perceiver has been supported and argued against since the period of the early Greek philosophers. Similar themes that focus on the human individual to evaluate and make their own choices, define their own meaning and ultimately, define and act upon what is the nature of truth and the truth itself recur time and time again whether in the form of an emphasis on affect like the Romantics or Postmodernist who selects part of a narrative, whether accurate or true, to put it to good use in portion the individual cope during therapy.The implications of the position taken on the nature of truth have been demonstrated throughout history in major schools of philosophy, psychology and in this paper. Future speculation of this theory of truth is that, after certain negative events that will happen in future times as a result of pragmatic and postmodern thinking, a reaction against relativistic and individualized conceptions of truth that may take a shape of fundamentalism may return to schools of philosophy and the social sciences.ReferencesConway, J. B. (1992). Presidential address A world of differences among psychologists. Canadian Psychology, 33(1), 1-23. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). California Thomson Learning Inc. Daitz, L. (2011). Understanding, truth or resolve? Considering the aim of existential psychotherapy and the approaches of van Deurzen and Spinelli. Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 22(1), 140-149. De Waal, C. (2005). On Pragmatism. California Thomson Wadsworth Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology (6th ed.). California Cengage learning. Kendler, H. H. (2005). Psychology and phenomenology A clarication. American Psychologist, 60(4), 318324 Kirschenbaum, H. & Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Educational Publishing Foundation, 42(1), 3751. doi 10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37 Oaklander, L. N. (1992). Existentialist philosophy An introduction. New Jersey Prentice Hall Owen, I. R. (1999). Exploring the similarities and differences between person-centred and psychoanalytic therapies. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(2), 165-178 doi 0306-9885/99/020165-14 Robinson, P. (2008). Jean-Jacques Rousseau and history Moral truth at the expense of facticity. Rethinking History, 12(3), 417431. doi 10.108 0/13642520802193 288 Schneider, K. J. (1998). Toward a science of the heart Romanticism and the revival of psychology. American Psychologist, 53(3), 277-289 Webb, R. K. (2006). From romantic humanist to postmodern pedagogy How the alien becomes normative in contemporary education. Radical Pedagogy. Retrieved from http//radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/content/issue8_2/webb.html

Needs Assessment Essay

Students desire more than paper and pencil lessons. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), applied science is driving change in the content of mathematics programs, in methods for mathematics schooling, and in the ways that mathematics is learned and assessed (as cited in Van de Walle, 2004, p. 103). In this study, I want to investigate whether any differences occur in the overall effectiveness of student learning of fraction lessons when the in painsation is presented using different types of visual media, in this case, computer versus hit.The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of presenting fraction math lessons using computer based instruction versus overhead projection presentations. Eighth-grade math students allow for feel more engaged while receiving computer-based instruction versus eighth-grade students who receive overhead projection instruction. The participants are 12 math students at a Middle School. wholly of the students energize basic computer skills. The twelve students are all eighth graders but their scores vary on the math section of the Michigan educational Assessment Program (MEAP) standardized test.However, the test scores in class show that students struggle with fraction problems. Twelve students leave alone be randomly change integrity into groups one group of six students will have computer-based instructions on solving problems involving fractions and percentages, compounded percentages and multiple discounts and the other group of six students will have lecture based instruction using the overhead and paper worksheets. The logic of needs assessment can be summarized as a simple compare desired status actual status = need (Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2005).Currently, the desired status is for the math students to score 80% on in-class fraction test. The actual status is that students are scoring between 69 70 %. The need is to improve the scores about ten points. Students become bored taking notes and looking at the overhead information. Students using the computer are forced to be actively engaged. Using students interest in present day technology gives two sides an advantage in obtaining educational success. The question that still remains is does it give students an edge over paper and pencil taught lessons?A high school in Texas, San Marcos High, put the questions to the test. Teachers were initially impressed with on-line lessons. However, during the assessment phase, it was hard to determine if students were guessing the answers to the multiple choice questions or answering the questions correctly. When questioned why the school chose to expend the on-line based lessons, Mr. Darnall, the math department head, states Both of us really thought it was a way to capture the students attention (Trotter, 2007).According to Gagnes nightspot Events of Instruction, in order for any learning to take place, you must first capture the attention of the student (Kruse, n. d. ). Computer based lessons will satisfy this event. The students will be studied in their own groups. Data collection method included pre-test and posttest, interviewing, and observing students. Data will be collected in the form of daily worksheets and graded test. Also, students will completed a questionnaire about how involved they felt in each lesson. Answers from the questionnaire provided insight into the level of comfort students felt in using visual media to learn fractions.Students were observed during each presentation to look for a degree of understanding or misunderstanding. Triangulation is essential to see information and presents an accurate view of the results. Three types of data to allow for triangulation are observing, interviewing, and examining records. These instruments were appropriate because these factors support the action of ensuring that the students have the prerequisite knowledge to begin instruction and supports informing the students what they will learn ( Dick, et al, 2005).Data will be analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics for measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median) and variability (standard deviation) (Gay, Mills, & Airasian, 2006). Interviews will be analyzed by grouping similar responses into clusters that carryress the same issue and develop total scores across an item cluster (Gay et al, 2006). References Dick, W. , Carey, L. , & Carey, J. O. (2005). The systematic forge of instruction (6th ed). Allyn & Bacon. Gay, L. R. , Mills, G. E. , & Airasian, P.(2006). Educational research Competencies for Analysis and applications (8th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Kruse, K. (n. d. ). Gagnes nine events of instruction An introduction. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from http//www. e-learningguru. com/articles/art3_3. htm Trotter, A. (May 9, 2007). School subtracts math text to add e-lessons, test. Education Week. 26(36), 10-11. Van De Walle, J. A. (2004). Elementary and middle school mat hematics Teaching Developmentally. MA Allyn and Bacon.

The divisions within Northern Ireland society have as much to do with class as religion or nationality

The history of northerly Ireland, a state created in 1921, has not been a peaceful wholeness, and the study of the country has been as turbulent it could be give tongue to that thither is a meta- strife a conflict about the conflict. The causes of these troubles ar varied, and it is ut n primal too simplistic to reduce it to dear a spectral one although the Protestant faith is now synonymous with unionism, and Catholicism with nationalism, on that point are in accompaniment m whatever reasons for the divisions within the society.The conflict has become one of national identity, class and political and economic equality, as well as, some draw argued, culture. These are alone endogenous, i. e. internal, explanations for the fractious nature of Northern Irish life in recent decades, still others bring on placed the blame on external exogenic sources, directing the behaviour of Great Britain or Ireland (or both) are responsible for the current situation.The roots of thes e divisions are buried under centuries of conflict, betrayal and mistrust, and, whilst pietism played an strategic position, it was part of a wider economic and political battle. It is important to take these into account, but one of the problems facing Northern Ireland is the sheer amount of unresolved history that underlies every hunting expedition and decision.This essay will in that respectfore take the recent Troubles as its main focus that is, the causes and effects of the collapse of the Stormont assembly on 24th March 1972 and the imposition of Direct Rule by Westminster, ending in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement. Whilst this tentative agreement has by no means brought a complete halt to the delirium and divisions in Northern Ireland, there was considerable hope, that has not yet proved to have been completely unfounded, that it would signify the beginning of the end.Northern Ireland had the second highest church attention in Western Europe after the Republic of Ireland, with 95% of Catholics and 45% of Protestants attending church on a weekly basis in 1969 and there can be no denying the fact that the divisions within Northern Irish society have been given spiritual labels on a superficial direct at least it is a battle among Catholics and Protestants. If this is so, then it is not unreasonable question to ask just which of the ii is principally at fault.Patrick Buckland is just one who feels that it is the Protestant community who see the conflict in religious equipment casualty, claiming For Catholics the problem was largely political for Protestants largely religious. They feared the resources and the power of the Roman Catholic church, with 69% of Belfast Protestants in 1994 believing the Church had a significant, powerful or too powerful influence in the government of the Republic of Ireland.This fear of the Catholic hegemony, that would imbrue and overrun their own way of life and form of worship, helps explain their hostilit y towards the minority in the North. As an ethnic group, they are defined by their religion, which wishs shapes their communities, their politics and their outlook. It could even be claimed that they fall back on their faith because they have no national identity of their own. Four features of unionist politics during the end 1972-1998 were clearly influenced by religion.The refusal to reach any significant accommodation with the Catholic minority, the steadfast rejection of any contemplation of an united Ireland, the desire to maintain the Union to hold open the Protestant way of life and the support for the evangelical Democratic Unionist Party were all bound up with Protestantism the last point echoed in Steve Bruces claim that the Northern Ireland conflict is a religious conflict because that is the only conclusion that makes sense of Ian Paisleys career.Finally, the anthropologist Don Akenson claims that the conflict stemmed from the Ulster Protestants belief that they are Gods chosen people, and this explains their sense of superiority, their ability to discriminate against their Catholic population without qualms and their determination to retain the autonomy of the Six Counties, their promised land. However, it is withal possible, as many Unionists have done, to blame the divisions on the Catholic religion.Many extreme loyalists claimed that nationalism is nothing by the tool of the Vatican in an attempt to turn back the tide of Protestantism. Whilst this view is perhaps a slender extreme, they pointed to the religious genocide that took place in the South between 1941 and 1971, when the Protestant proportion of the population fell from 10% to 4. 1%, the legal enforcement of Catholic morality that caused the Protestant emigration to the North and the Papal law ensuring that the offspring of mixed relationships were raised as Catholics.Unionists also argued that it was the Catholic hierarchy that consolidated the differentiate by teaching a Cat holic, southern Irish national identity within their schools, that it was their refusal to accept the legitimacy of the Union and its security forces that lead to the downfall of the first Stormont Assembly. They were also incensed by the Churchs refusal to excommunicate members of the IRA, as they did during the Civil War between 1922-3, and their willingness to bury IRA dead and hunger strikers in consecrated ground.This, coupled with the discovery of IRA weapons on church land, led to the belief, in Unionist circles at least, that the Church played an active role in the conflict. It was this strident and violent Catholic nationalism that connect Protestantism to unionism after all, there were a small number of Catholic unionists, which is not to be expected if Protestantism and unionism had been one and the analogous from the very beginning. disrespect all this, it must be remembered that the conflict was not a theological one, and that religion alone cannot explain the divi sions within society.Although Northern Ireland still does have one of the highest church attendance figures outside the Republic, in line with the increasingly secularization of the rest of the UK and Europe, numbers fell (just 29% of Protestants and 67% of Catholics went to church weekly in 1998) as the conflict developed, intensified and continued. The period 1972 and 1998, saw Northern Ireland become an increasingly secularised state between 1981 and 1987 the divorce rate increased at the same rate as Great Britains and the number of births outside marriage doubled yet the divisions continue.If the conflict was the result of purely religious reasons, it would be expected that there would have been a correlation between areas most afflicted by the Troubles and the degree of religious intensity of the inhabitants, but this simply was not the case the most devout communities were to be found in the countryside, but the vast majority of the violence was carried out in the cities, which recorded much lower church attendance figures in 1992 it was estimated in one Belfast Catholic parish just 38% of the population attended mass on a weekly basis.The same should have been true for the paramilitaries, that those most committed to the cause would also have been the most devout, but there is considerable evidence that many only turned to religion after incarceration most famously, many of the hunger strikers led by Bobby Sands in 1981 had converted to Catholicism once in jail.There has also been a careful avoidance by the main political parties in the state to avoid religious labels the DUP was formerly the Protestant Unionist Party, but swiftly changed its name to the Democratic Unionist Party in 1971 preferring terms much(prenominal) as complaisant democratic, unionist, nationalist and so on, and they pursue political and economic not religious policies. It should also be pointed out that even if they did have religious labels, it would not have necessar ily meant that the conflict was a religious one numerous European political parties, the German CDU being just one example, proudly possess a religious name.Between 1969 and 1994, only one Protestant cleric was killed, and he, the empyrean Robert Bradford, was a hardline, outspoken UUP MP, and both sides, to a greater extent, respected the sanctity of churches and churchmen. An important point in this regainings is that there is, in fact, nothing intrinsically religious about Catholics taking up arms in the late 1960s/early 1970s against a perceived aggressor or oppressor. This was not a holy war, not a crusade, but a fight against the inequalities and discrimination they faced.Nor was the Protestant discrimination of Catholics inherently religious Catholics were treated unjustly because they were seen as unpatriotic to the state, not because of their rosaries and belief in transubstantiation. The question of whether the Northern Ireland Troubles were prompted by the religious t ensions is best summed up by John McGarry and Brendan OLeary when they said There is no need to invent ingenious religious agendas to account for militant republican paramilitarism and the same is true for the loyalists.There are a number of other, to a greater extent fundamental and graphic issues that explain the divisions within the province. There were clear class divisions within Northern Irish society throughout the twentieth century that could be said to have had an effect on the development of the Troubles. Stated crudely, there a disproportionate of the middle classes were Protestant, whilst Catholics were much more likely to make up the working classes. In 1971, 69% of Catholics were manual workers, in comparison to 59% of Protestant, and throughout the period the number of unskilled Catholic workers rose, whilst Protestant figures fell. thereof the Northern Irish conflict could be seen in terms of a Marxist struggle one where the mainly Protestant elites were attempting to maintain the status quo against the demands of the Catholic working class. However, this would be to oversimplify the problem, and overlooks the not insubstantial Catholic middle class and ignores the significant influence the Protestant working class were able to exert on the Unionist leadership. If it had been an issue of class, then it would not be unreasonable to expect that political parties would have organised along class lines, but this was not necessarily the case.Whilst the UUP was heavily pendant on the support of the Protestant working class, this was not at the expense of middle class votes. The differences between the DUP and the UUP were not class-based, but simply political, although it could be said the SDLP attracted more middle-class nationalist support than Sinn Fiin before 1998. It might also have been expected that the small Catholic middle class would have been more unionist in character, if it had merely been a class struggle. hence to perceive the divis ions in society as being along class lines is misleading, but there is a case for looking at the economic inequalities between the two communities, and the effect that they had on the formation and character of the conflict. In 1989, the Northern Ireland Office subgenus Pastor Richard Needham said If work can be found for 10,000 unemployed boys in West Belfast that in itself will do more to impact on the political and security areas than anything else. In all societies, political stability is linked to economic prosperity, and the fact that, for most of the period 1972 to 1998 the Northern Irish economy consistently underperformed economically in comparison to the mainland. At times in the 1970s, unemployment reached levels as high as 12%, whilst Great Britain had enjoyed full employment. Key staple industries, such as textiles, ship- and airplane building suffered from fierce overseas competition and by the 1970s were in near-terminal decline.Political extremism, and, by extension , paramilitarism was always more prevalent amongst the disfavor on both sides of the religious disunite rather than the more affluent a considerable proportion of the violence emanates from deprived Catholic and Protestant ghettos. Therefore there is some truth in Needhams statement if Northern Irelands economy had been stronger, then perhaps the more violent nature of the conflict could have been contained.A very important economic issue was that of discrimination. In 1971, 17. 3% of Catholic men were unemployed, in contrast to just 6. 6% of Protestants. Twenty years later, the figures were 21. 3% and 9. 6% respectively. For those Catholics in work, they could expect to be paid considerably less than their Protestant counterparts. Direct and indirect discrimination against Catholics were inherent in the economic inequalities they faced.Thus the roots of the conflict can be seen in Catholic demands for an improvement in their economic situation, but attempts, especially under the leadership of Terence ONeill, to address these discrepancies had an important consequence the Protestants became increasingly more determined to protect their economic privileges. They began to complain of what Birrell called reverse relative deprivation, that is, during the 1970s Protestants began to feel relatively deprived as the disruption between them and Catholics began to close, which led to an increased resistance to anti-discrimination policies, which in turn fuelled Catholic discontent.By the 1990s, the violence of loyalist paramilitaries were being attributed to the perception that Catholics were now doing better than Protestants, thank to reverse discrimination in their favour this point of view was especially prevalent in the Shankhill area of Belfast, as uncovered by the 1993 Opsahl Commission. Another economic causation that could help explain the divisions within Northern Ireland was the clear financial disadvantages of abandoning the Union.In the words of McGarr y and OLeary, Protestants are said to be more loyal to the half-crown than to the Crown. virtuoso of the reasons Unionists were so opposed the idea of a united Ireland was because it would lead not only to the end of their economic advantages, but to a general decline in the average standard of living, seeing as the Republic simply could not guarantee degree of expenditure on the province as Britain by the early 1990s, the subsidy given to Northern Ireland from London actually exceeded the Republics income tax revenue.This does not explain the continued nationalist support for and end to the union, even when aware of the requisite economic disadvantages, but it is an important factor in understanding Protestant intransigence. However, economic factors alone simply cannot explain the divisions that led to the extravasation of the Troubles, or their extension for so long. As Trotsky pointed out, if mere deprivation was the cause of revolutions, the masses would always be in a stat e of rebellion.If economic reasons were the cause of violence between the two communities, it would be expected that periods of depression would be accompanied by an intensification of conflict, which simply was not the case after the 1958 slump there was no outbreak of violence, and the Troubles actually started during a period of relative growth, falling unemployment and increasing prosperity, which would point to a political, rather than economic, trigger.Whilst political extremism is more likely to be found in underprivileged areas, repression (especially in the case of nationalist groups) was still as major reason for joining paramilitary forces, rather than objective deprivation. As already mentioned, there was no economic incentive for the Six Counties to unite with the South, especially before the Republics emergence as a Celtic Tiger, but the British subvention of the province also does not fully explain Protestant unionism, for it increased considerably during the years of Direct Rule, and in 1972 it was nowhere near the i3. billion it was in 1998. unionism was driven by the belief in the right to self-determination and the resolve to preserve the Protestant way of life, not an economic self-interest, and equally, Nationalism has a social psychological basis rather than a purely or largely materialist foundation (McGarry and OLeary). For shared material experiences to shape a community in any significant way, they must firstly, according to McGarry and OLeary, have a deep sense of national identity formed through shared historical or geographical experiences and facilitated by common culture, language or religion.Whilst economics clearly played a crucial role in consolidating existing divides, it does not explain the humans of the divisions in the first place. The violent divisions in Northern Ireland society can all be traced to the problem of national identity. Culturally, there was no real divide between the two communities, except over fairly s uperficial matters such as sport and newspapers.Religious, economic, class and cultural issues, whilst important in understanding the complexity of the Ulster question, are not, in themselves, enough to explain the underlying causes. In terms of religion, whereas the Catholics were a single denomination, the various Protestant denominations were united only by the fact that their non-Catholicism, which was not strong enough to produce a strong enough degree of cohesiveness. Religious labels, however, were used as a demarcation between the two communities.Unionists were not united by their religion, their class or their economic self-interest, but by their identification with the rest of the United Kingdom, by the fact that they considered themselves to be British even when the government did not necessarily agree. Equally, nationalists were united in the belief that they are Irish, and spiritually and ethnically a part of the southern Republic. People were members of a religious c ommunity, considered to be a cradle Catholic or Protestant regardless of their actual religious or non-religious conviction their religious label was an ethnic label.Whilst churches hold and reinforced the social boundaries, through religiously driven activities, and the high rates of endogamy (in 1968, 96% of the population had parents of the same religion, whilst between 1943 and 1982 just 6% of all marriages were mixed), the persistence of segregated schooling (just 2% of primary and secondary school pupils in 1994 attended an integrated school) and residential separation, the divisions were originally caused by something else religion reinforced nationalism, not the other way round.Thus political and economic discrimination of the Catholics by the Protestant majority can be explained in terms of Protestant fears that their national identity would be lost in a united Ireland. Their determination to remain a part of the United Kingdom, and their extreme indisposition to grant si gnificant civil rights to the Catholic minority was as a result of their fear of losing their way of life, as well as just an unwillingness to relinquish their privileged status.As McGarry and OLeary succinctly put it National and ethnic attachments tend to be much more binding and explosive in historically established and stable communities than alternative solidarities, like gender or class and this is especially true of Northern Ireland. There are many aspects of the divisions in Northern Ireland society that this essay has not addressed. More could be said about cultural differences, and the long-term political discrimination, such as gerry-mandering, faced by Catholics that led to the Troubles between 1972 and 1998.External factors, such as British and Irish policy, and other long-term historical factors, such as the nature of British colonialism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as the impact of plantation on the political dynamic of the province. It is imposs ible to blame the Troubles on class conflicts, for Protestants and Catholics simply do not divide neatly into a unionist middle class and nationalist working class.Economic factors did have a significant impact on the development of grievances and intransigence, but also only provide an incomplete picture. Superficially, the conflict can be seen in religious terms after all it is often described as Catholics against Protestant, as well as nationalist versus unionist. However, in recent decades, as Northern Ireland follows the general European trend for secularisation, and church attendance figures continue to fall, the religious labels are a sign of ethnicity, rather than belief.The entrenched nature of the divisions between the two communities, in the face of improving economic and political conditions and increasing secularisation during the period 1972 and 1998 means that there must have been a further, deeper cause for the conflict, and the question of nationality British or I rish is more convincing than the other, admittedly important, possibilities.

Common App Essay Essay

How to Write a Common App Essay Entering a college calls for persistence, curiosity, articulation and talent. A common application essay will make it possible to reveal all your talents, background and acquired knowledge. Every student should be well aware of how to pull through such types of papers. As a rule, there is no difference for the teachers what topic you are going to choose. The only thing that really matters is that your topic is meaningful to you. How to live on a Common App Essay Starting to write such an essay is rather easy. All you need to do is focus on your keen invades, likes, preferences and talents. The termination paper is non about boasting your skills or showing off. Yet, you need to point out your key advantages and background on a particular topic. Therefore, choosing an interest style of talking about yourself, basically, selling yourself is of great significance. CommonApp Essay Topics and Examples Describe a person you admire. Why do you want to att end this check? What is a book you love? What is an extracurricular activity that has been meaningful to you? What is your favorite sport? Who is your favorite author? Who is your favorite actor? Who is your favorite politician? How does a failure affect you? Compare decisions you made while challenging a belief Discuss a formal font Discuss an informal event Share your background What subjects are you good at? Who affects your actions in family? What is your favorite art form? Describe your ideal lecture How will you make friends with your classmates? What is the more or less defining event in your life? What can influence your choice? Common App Essay Outline and Format A common app essay does not have a strict outline. Nevertheless, it is supposed to be well-organized and structured. Use a traditional outline featuring such defined sections as Introduction Body split up Conclusion Read more atdcjkhttps//studymoose.com/common-app-essay-topics

Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools

Children should be totallyowed to use their mobile phones in class because they after part serve as learning aids, a study claims today. Academics are calling on schools to rethink bans on phone handsets after trials suggested that functions such as calculators, stopwatches and email can be educational. However, the call is certain to infuriate many teachers and parents, who will be concerned that pupils will be unable to resist the temptation to put the devices to less amentiferous uses, such as cyber-bullying or cheating in tests.During a nine-month experiment involving classes aged 14 to 16, pupils either used their own mobiles in lessons or the current generation of smartphones which allow internet connection. They were used to create short films, set homework reminders, record a teacher reading a poem and metre experiments with the phones stopwatches. The smartphones also allowed pupils to access revision websites, log into the school email system, or transfer electronic f iles between school and home.The study by researchers at Nottingham University complicated 331 pupils in schools in Cambridgeshire, West Berkshire and Nottingham. At the start of the study, even pupils were often surprised at the thought that mobile phones could be used for learning, Dr Elizabeth Hartnell-Young will insure the annual conference of the British Educational Research Association in Edinburgh later today. After their hands-on experience, almost all pupils said they had enjoyed the project and matte up more motivated. One teacher told researchers that students like mobiles and they know how to use them. Using this technology gives them more freedom to express themselves without needing to be constantly supervised, the teacher said. However, the composing admits that some teachers think greater use of mobile phones in schools could prove problematic. Increased temptation to steal phones belonging to the school was one worry. I thought, well, intravenous feeding of the se smartphonesShould Mobile Phones Be Allowed in SchoolsMobile phones are extremely helpful after school when youre travelling home. Your parent/ guardian can run across you regarding family matters and also after school if you bind to walk your parent can phone you to make sure youre secure. Likewise Mobile phones also pass on safety and protection in times of need. If for example you are in danger of some sort you can phone someone quickly and inconspicuously. In addition if the child goes missing the police can track the mobile and parents can check in on the Childs location.Also mobiles can help if there is an fatality your parents can phone you direct instead of phoning the office which would take longer. This would be more effective because your parent can tell you exactly whats deviation on instead of having a message passed to you. If for example your Gran was ill in hospital your mum or dad etc. could phone or text you updates through out the day. Mobiles also brings f amilies together They dont seem to have much time to spend together anymore out-of-pocket to overtime and after-school activities, having the ability to communicate with any one of your family member helps bringing families together.Similarly if you forget something important like homework or your lunch you can contact your parent /guardian and they can drop it off. This would help when you have an important essay, for example, due but you forgot it at home. This would help make sure that all your homework is on time and would help teachers when they have to mark homework. Likewise if you are unwell in school, you can phone your parent to let them know. This would be helpful because your parent would be able to pick you up or can tell you what to do.Moreover mobile phones could save money because they could be used as calculators and can be used to record/ write notes. This would save a lot of money on paper which would make the school more eco fond and money could be used on othe r equipment instead of just calculators which can be found on all phones, although teachers would have to supervise and religion pupils not to stray from the task. Another benefit would be that pupils can record important dates in their phone to help with important deadlines and exams.A final reason is that mobiles could be used for a wide range of educational purposes, including creating short movies, setting homework reminders, recording a teacher reading a poem and quantify science experiments. Mobiles which can connect to the internet, also allowed pupils to access revision websites, log into the school email system, or transfer electronic files between school and home. Experts have claimed that using a mobile gains childrens confidence because the technology is familiar to them.

Discrimination lawsuit. Why jury decision making emotional damages Essay

Discrimination lawsuitIntroductionPresenting evidence In court proceedings, evidence is presented as both oral or written depending on the quality of the witness. In addition, the means of giving evidence may be determined by the court or the board in charge under confused considerations. Both oral and written evidence cast off the same purpose and can be used as the basis of court ruling (Edwards et al., 2011). In this situation where as a human resource I go forth be required to provide evidence of a discrimination lawsuit, the written system of evidence presentation will be the most appropriate to answer the questions from the Jury. The method of written presentation will allow adequate time to take a leak and present my part of evidence and with adequate in wreakations. Since the presentation of evidence requires information detailing the truth about the matter and the organizations position on the shell and the policy that were under consideration, the written evidence would help me to consult with other legal experts and answer questions accordingly. Oral evidence would prevent consultations that might result in inaccurate evidence that will be used to give unfair rulings. Moreover, written evidence will save a lot of time that could have been used to present the oral presentation in the court. In addition, any inconveniences would such as absenteeism in work place and productivity of the firm will be avoided (Edwards et al., 2011). Hence, written evidence will ensure that the operations of the business are not affected in any way. Moreover, it will reduce the live incurred during the lawsuit proceedings. Finally, written evidence presents a proof that the information communicated is true and cannot be changes. This ensures that the evidence is not compromised since is always read and presented to court as the original copy of evidence. This is in contrast to oral presentation where evidence may be changed where one may be questioned more than once hence agree the evidence, which may affect the reliability of the evidence.Jury decision making emotional restoration The Jury would rely on information from psychiatrists and medical experts who would evaluate the damages that the plaintiff suffered as a result of discriminations. This would involve psychological and mental problems that may have arose because of the discrimination (Edwards et al., 2011). Stress would be one of the conditions that may be evaluated and whether there were medical complications that resulted from the discriminatory acts. In addition, the information about the pain suffered because of discrimination would be evaluated on medical basis. These sufferings could then be compared with any pecuniary implications suffered. In addition, information regarding how the working and the productivity of the plaintiff was affected could be used to determine the level of the effects of emotional damages and thus form the basis of monetary hire. For example, if in any case the discrimination resulted in decreased productivity of the plaintiff, which reduced the financial income of the income would form the basis of monetary payment decision. Moreover, it could be evaluated based on how the act affected his or her defendant day-to-day life. Similar during the proceedings, the defence presents their argument on the amount of monetary compensation that should be awarded to the plaintiff (Edwards et al., 2011). Jury determine the compensatory amount that should be paid to the plaintiff depending on the information provided by the defence team. When the court uses this information as the basis of their compensatory decision, the court act in favour of the plaintiff and it may end up awarding huge sums of money, which may be unfair to the respondent. Finally, the jury would use their freedom that is granted by the section of the law to determine the damage caused to the plaintiff and use the evidence presented to award monetary compensation. The decision could either be based on similar cases that were ruled in the past of depending on the reasoning of the bench.ReferenceEdwards, L., Edwards, J. S., & Wells, P. (2011). Tort Law. Cengage Learning.Source document

Mercury Effect on Seed Germination

hectogram EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND result OF Capsicum annuum SEEDS NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons. ) TECHNOLOGY AND PLANTATION MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA JULY 2012 MERCURY EFFECT ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF Capsicum annuum SEEDS NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN Final Year Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management In the force of Plantation and AgrotechnologyUniversiti Teknologi MARA JULY 2012 DECLARATION This Final Year Project is a partial fulfilment of the requirements for a period of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, talent of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is entirely my own release and has not been submitted to any(prenominal) other University or loftyer education institution, or for any other schoolman award in this University. Where was ting infirmity has been made of the work of other people it has been fully acknowledged and fully referenced.I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this rifle to the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), which henceforth shall be the owner of copyright in this Work and that, any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited with step up a written coincide of UiTM. Candidates signature Date NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN Name .I hereby decl ar that I admit analyse this project and in my opinion, this project is adequate in damage of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons. ) Technology and Plantation Management, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Signature DR. TSAN FUI YING Name of Supervisor .. higher-ranking LECTURER Position . Date . ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulliah and praise be to Allah for the guidance and bless(prenominal)ing, I was able to apprehend this final yea r project.First of all, I would like to evoke my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Tsan Fui Ying, for her guidance, advice, encouragement, good criticisms and overly for he r sedulousness in guiding me without final year project. My special thanks from the bottom of my heart go to my p bent s and my siblings for their understanding and support during my sketch in UiTM. Lastly, I would similarly like to express my special thanks to all my friends who were directly or indirectly involved in giving their ideas, advice, criticism, and moral support throughout the project. Thank you very much. NURSHAHIDA BINTI OSMAN ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ii one-third iv v vi vii viii ix DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS rock OF FIGURES constitute OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Of Capsicum annuum 1. 2 measure out Of Capsicum annuum 1. 3 Background of the backbreaking pelage 1. 4 spill sprouting and outgrowth 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 Problem Statement Objective Of Study Signifi mucklece Of Study orbit Of Study 1 2 4 4 5 6 6 6 2 LITERATURE palingenesis 2. 1 Source of demoraliseing metal 2. 2 Inhibition of semen sprouting Env crusademental found 2. 3 7 9 12 3 MATERIAL AND METHOD 3. 1 Location of field of operation . 2 Test Material 3. 3 Experimental Procedure 3. 4 info collection 3. 5 Experimental use 3. 6 Statistical analysis 3. 7 Work plan 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17 5 CONCLUSION 20 21 24 34 CITED REFERENCES APPENDICES CURRICULUM VITAE iv LIST OF FIGURES go into Caption Page 4. 1 sprouting of C. annuum roots after manipulation with HgCl2 17 4. 2 origin sprouting at the 10th solar day with HgCl2 treatment at 25mg/l 18 v LIST OF TABLES board Caption 1. 1 Raw chili peppers (C. annum), nutrient grade per 100 g 3. 1 Work schedule for the field of honor on germination and growth of C. nnuum after screening of HgCl2 at confused tightfistednesss sprouting and growt h of C. annuum after treatment withHgCl2 4. 1 Page vi 3 16 18 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UiTM Universiti Teknologi MARA Hg Mercury HgCl2 Mercury chloride mg/l milligram per liter cm atomic number 96 vii ABSTRACT Mercury Effect on Germination and harvest-time of Capsicum annuum sheds A field of battle was carried out to determine the germination and growth of Capsicum annuum after application of hectogram chloride (HgCl2) at various tightfistednesss. This assume was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam.A full(a) of 600 C. annuum lay downs were used in this study. A total of 5 different concentration s of HgCl2 (0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) were apply in this study. The treatments were carried out by means of applying the chemical to the informants on paper pass over in Petri dishes. The application volume was 2 ml per Petri dish at alternate age unless the paper towel was still moist with the preceding application of solution. The data in terms of spill germination and growth, included length of foot and plumule, were recorded.This study was based on Complete Randominized Design (CRD) with 5 replicates for each treatment. All the data were subjected to Analysis of fluctuation (analysis of variance) and treatment means were compared using Tukeys Simultaneous Test. The germination and growth of C. annuum was significantly regarded by the concentration of the dark metal under study, especially with concentration ? 50 mg/l. Radical growth was found more sensitive to the presence and concentration of HgCl 2 as compared to plumule with this production veggie species. viii ABSTRAK Kesan Merkuri terhadap Percambahan dan PertumbuhanBiji Benih Capsicum annuum Satu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan percambahan dan pertumbuhan biji benih Capsicum annuum selepas aplikasi merkuri klorida (HgCl2) pada kepekatan yang berbeza. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Makmal A603 , Fakulti Perladangan dan Agroteknologi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. Sebayak 600 biji benih telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sebanyak 5 kepekatan HgCl2 (0 (kawalan), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Rawatan ke atas biji benih adalah dengan menggunakan bahan kimia pada biji benih yang diletakkan di atas tuala kertas dalam piring Petri.Isipadu aplikasi ialah 2 ml bagi setiap piring Petri dan rawatan diulang pada selang 2 hari kecuali tuala kertas masih lembap dengan larutan sebelumnya. info mengenai percambahan biji benih dan pertumbuhan, termasuk panjang akar dan pucuk, dicatatkan. Kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan Rekabentuk Rambang Lengkap (CRD) dengan 5 kali pengulangan bagi setiap rawatan. Semua data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan purata rawatan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan Tukeys Simultaneous Test. Percambahan dan pertumbuhan C. annuum dipengaruhi dengan ketaranya oleh kepekatan logam berat yang dikaji, ter utamanya pada kepekatan ? 0 mg/l. Pertumbuhan akar didapati lebih sensitif kepada kehadiran dan kepekatan HgCl2 berbanding dengan pucuk untuk spesis sayuran buah ini. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of Capsicum Capsicum annuum is a member of the family Solanaceae and a class of Dicotyledons. It is comm alone known as Chili. Capsicum contains high amount of nutritive economic value much(prenominal) as vitamin C (ascorbic unpleasant), A, B-complex and E along with minerals like molybdenum, manganese, folate, potassium and thiamine. Capsicum contains seven times more vitamin C than orange (Simone et al. , 1997).Capsicum terminology is quite an confusing, the terminology is synonymously used for chilli pepper coiffes called such as pepper, chili, chile, chilli, aji, paprika and Capsicum. There are thought to be 25-30 Capsicum species with five different names, such as C. annuum L. , C. frustescens Mill. , C. baccatum L. , C. chinense and C. pubescens Ruiz and Pavon, whic h call for been domesticated and currently courteous (Csillery, 2006). Capsicum is the most all-encompassingspread and widely cultivated species in subtropics and temperate countries (Belletti et al. , 1998). The scientific classification of C. nnuum is as below 1 Kingdom kingdom Plantae Plants Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Potato family Genus Capsicum L. Pepper Species Capsicum annuum L. jalapeno pepper pepper Although the species name annuum means annual (from Latin annus year), the countersink is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts, it can survive several seasons and grow into large perennial shrub. The si ngle flowers are of off-white (sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and the plant can grow up to 60 centimeter tall.The fruit is berry which may be green, yellow and red when ripe. While the species can tolerate most climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates (Anonymous, 2012b). 1. 2 Value of black pepper Capsicums have their own benefits and values to human beings. As we know, capsicums are used in cooking and also as medicines. Capsicum is an indispensable spice used as basic ingredient in a great variety of cuisine all over the world. It is also used as flavoring, colorant and adds tang and degustation to the otherwise insipid food. Moreover, Capsicum species are employed whole 2 r ground and alone or in combination with other flavorings agents, primarily in the pickles, stewed or barbeques (Ravishankar et al. , 2003). Table 1. 1 Raw chili peppers (C. annum), nutrient value per 100 g Principle Nutrient Value circumstances of RDA Energy 40 Kcal 2% Carbohydrates 8. 81 g 7% Protein 1. 87 g 3% heart and soul Fat 0. 44 g 2% Cholesterol 0 mg 0% Dietary theatrical role 1. 5 g 3% Vitamins Folates 23 mcg 6% Niacin 1. 244 mg 8% Pantothenic acid 0. 201 mg 4% Pyridoxine 0. 506 mg 39% Riboflavin 0. 086 mg 6. 5% Thiamin 0. 7 2 mg 6% Vitamin A 952 IU 32% Vitamin C 143. 7 mg 240% Vitamin E 0. 69 mg 4. % Vitamin K 14 mcg 11. 5% Electrolytes Sodium 9 mg 0. 5% Potassium 322 mg 7% Minerals Calcium 14 mg 1. 5 % Copper 0. 129 mg 14% Iron 1. 03 mg 13% Magnesium 23 mg 6% Manganese 0. 187 mg 8% Phosphorus 43 mg 6% Selenium 0. 5 mcg 1% Zinc 0. 26 mg 2% Phyto-nutrients Carotene-? 534 mcg -Carotene-? 36 mcg -Cryptoxanthin-? 40 mcg -Lutein-zeaxanthin 709 mcg -Source USDA National Nutrient data base (Anonymous, 2012a) 3 1. 3 Background of heavy metal According to Thomine et al. (2000), metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are necessary as co-factors for many enzymatic reactions. about metals, such as zinc (Zn), play key structural roles in proteins. Furthermore, metal cations have recently been delegaten to be involved in signaling in animals and plants. According to Ghavri and Singh (2010) in terms of stabilizing contaminated sites, a lower metal concentration in stem is preferred in order to p revent metal from entering into ecosystem. However, plants also need to control against excessive assemblage of essential cations and virulent heavy metals, such as candle (Cd2+), lead, hydrargyrum, and arsenic.When subscriben up in excessive quantities, these elements are transferred in the food bowed stringed instrument where they may have adverse military forces on the health of humans and animals. Heavy metals can enter the food chain via plant uptake (Chayed, 2009). According to Mami (2011) from Guilan University, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran, heavy metals have recently received the solicitude of researchers all over the world, mainly due to also their harmful effect on plant. 1. 4 Seed germination and growth According to the seed physiologists, germination is defined as the increase of the radical through the seed coat.Basic requirements for germination include irrigate system, gases, temperature and moisture availability. 4 According to Vera et al. (2010), exposur e to heat and to low pH promotes germination and reduces time to germinate, which indicates that germination is related to passage of fire and to territorial dominion pH. Germination is also agree with wet and cold conditions and dormancy can be classified as being the physiological role. In addition, it tumefy known that temperature, light conditions, nitrates or hormonal treatment may also postulate germination. In an tryation conducted by Koger et al. 2004), Caperonia palustris seeds from raw(a)ly dehisced with predominant dark gray color were exposed to pre chilling in attempts to break any dormancy mechanism imposed on seed kept at mode temperature. Results showed that pre chilling did not release dormancy. Seed germinated with fluctuating 12-h light/dark and constant dark conditions. Seed germination test using buffer solutions of pH 4 to 10 recorded germination of 31 to 62% over a pH range from 4 to 10. Heavy metals may also affect seed germination, mainly believed t o be attri entirelyed to perniciousness effects. They can be hazardous because they cannot be estroyed or ravaged but they are bioaccumulated. 1. 5 Problem statement Capsicum annuum is a kind of fruit vegetable most commonly consumed and its production is of concerned. Like other crops, Capsicum needs to control against excessive accumulation of essential cations and toxic heavy metals for seed development and production. The heavy metals may cause a detrimental effect to the seed germination and growth. 5 1. 6 Objective of study The experiment was conducted by considering the objectives of study as below 1. To determine the mercury effect on germination of C. nnuum seeds. 2. To identify the mercury effect on subsequent initial seedling growth of C. annuum after seed germination. 1. 7 Significance of study This study is important to observe and determine the mercury effect on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds. The result from this study is hoped to provide information on germination and growth of C. annuum seeds as affected by mercury concentration in colly, e. g. ex-mining cruds. 1. 8 Scope of Study The experiment conducted to identify the concentration of mercury that may affect germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds involved the seed extraction from fruits, seed treatment with mercury chloride (HgCl2), seed germination recording, measurement of length of radical and plumule, data analysis and report writing. 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Source of heavy metal There are many sources of heavy metals in injury including graphic sources e. g. soil parent material, volcanic eruptions, marine aerosols, and forest fires agricultural sources e. g. fertilizers, sewage sludge, pesticides and irrigation water aptitude and fuel production sources e. g. emissions from power stations mining and smelting e. . tailing, smelting, refining and transportation (Reichman, 2002). It is generally accepted that heavy metal contamination can not only result i n adverse effects on various parameters relating to plant quality and yield, but also cause changes in the size, composition and activity of the soil microbic community (Giller et al. , 1998). Heavy metals might accumulate in the food chains, with risks for the health of animals and humans, which are less sensitive to metal toxicity than plants, but they are capable of concentrating heavy metal in trusted tissues and organs (Peralta et al. 2001). The influence of metals on development and reproduction of plants can be firstly quantified by find the germination traits of seeds and growth performance of seedling. In the presence of high concentrations of some heavy metals, most plant species performe the reduction of seed germination and seedling growth (Patra and Sharma, 2000). 7 The high metal contents suggest the potential drop for heavy metal accumulation and phytotoxicity for crops grown in soils receiving the metal enriched sewage sludge.Hence, it will limit its application o n land, because of the stringent regulations for land application of heavy metals i n the form of sewage (Wong et al. , 2001). The high heavy metal contents might pose a toxic effect to plants and cause heavy metal accumulation in plant tissues (Wong et al. , 2001). numerous of those who performed short-term laboratory studies also discuss ed their results in relation to existing regulations for heavy metals in soils, or the possible effect of the agricultural use of metal-contaminated products such as sewage sludge, animal manures and fungicides (Giller et al. 1998). The distribution of heavy metals in the organs of plants is not undiversified it depends on the species and the element (Kozanecka et al. , 2002). The application of cow dung in wasteland soil not only provided nutrients for plant growth, but also stabilized the metal in the soil and reduced metal toxicity to the plant (Ghavri and Singh, 2010). According to Longman (2006), mercury is a heavy silver white poisonous me tal that is liquified at ordinary temperature and it is a chemical element symbol is Hg. It is a pervasive pollutant that accumulates in organisms and is passing toxic.Elemental mercury is efficiently transported as a gas around the 8 globe, and even remote areas show evidence of mercury pollution originating from industrial sources such as power plants (Morel et al. , 1998). Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that is of significant concern as an environmental pollutant since mercury is not very phototoxic in normally occurring concentrations. In polluted regions, mercury is a non -degradable toxic heavy metal pollutant when it is accumulated by plants. The information is scare about its uptake mechanism and growth stifling. There are a wide range of sources that emit mercury to the atmosphere.Approximately half of the atmospheric budget of vapor-phase mercury is attributed to anthropogenic sources and half to natural source (Nriagu, 1989) The accumulation of mercury in terrestrial p lants increases with increasing soil mercury concentration. Soil type has considerable influence on this process, i. e. high organic matter content will decrease uptake. Generally, the highest concentrations of mercury are found at the roots, but translocation to other organs occurs. In contrast to higher plants, mosses are known to take up mercury via atmospheric deposition (Boening, 2000).The characterization of mercury uptake showed that mercury binding is dependent on initial pH, agitation speed, amount of dosage and also the interaction between pH and contact time (Ling, 2010). 2. 2 Inhibition of seed germination According to Longman (2006), seed is a small, hard object bewilderd by plants, from which a new plant of the same kind grows. Poor quality seeds suffer from following problems of low germination percentage, poor 9 emergence, poor survival, and poor adaptability to site, susceptible to disease and pests, poor growth, and low productivity (Anonymous, 2011a).The characte ristics of good seeds are head ripened, healthy and true to type, pure and lax from inert materials and weed seeds, workable and have good germination capacity, uniform in its texture, structure and appearance, and separated from upon and should not be broken and inflected by pests and diseases (Anonymous, 2011a). Seed germination is defined as the emergence and development from seed embryo of those essential structures, which are indicative of the ability of seed to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions (Anonymous, 2011a).Seeds need to be handled carefully to avoid damage to the embryo. Rough handling at threshing time can result in a lower percentage of germination. Actual tests are made at intervals to insure a good percentage of germination. Many seeds will germinate in a week or devil or three weeks, but some seeds may take weeks or even years until barriers to germination are removed (Butterfield, 1967). Although seeds are rather similar in structure and in th e same taxonomic family, their germination patterns are quite different (McDonald, 2011).Seeds exist in a state of dormancy, absorbing oxygen, giving off carbon dioxide, and late using up their stored food reserves during germination (Rindels, 1996). Every viable seed has the potential to ferment a plant. For this to happen, the seed must germinate, and for germination to occur, a seed 10 essentially needs water (during absorption and subsequent stages of growth), oxygen (for respiration) and temperature adequate for metabolism and growth. Some seeds also require light and thus must be on the soil surface in order to germinate, and not buried to a lower place the soil surface (McDonald, 2011).A general statement was made that percent of germination or p ercent of viable seeds of Rumex scutatus drop over time as a result of exposure to environmental conditions (Yilmaz and Aksoy, 2007). Some seeds have certain chemicals inside them to which prevent their germination, while some se eds may not have well developed embryo and require storage for a few weeks before germination can take place (Anonymous, 2011a). Some seeds present deep physiological dormancy with a very low germination percentage and they need a long time to start germination (Vera et al. , 2010).Heavy metals of Zn and ZnO particles were observed to have significant proscription on seed germination and root growth (El-Temsah and Joner, 2010). The decrease in the value of germination percentage and germination index of the seed caused by the increased amount of metallic unite indicates that at a lower concentration, the contaminant posed little or no harm on the seed viability but in higher direct, germination is retarded (Jaja and Odoemena, 2004). In the presence of heavy metals at certain concentrations, the radical of genus Arabidopsis thaliana protruded from testa, but the embryo growth was arrested beyond the point (Li et al. 2005). Although the seed coat provides some protection from metal stress prior to germination, it will eventually 11 crack or become more permeable upon germination. The current literature suggests that seed germination is affected by metals in two ways. Firstly, by their general toxicity, and secondly are by their inhibition of water uptake (Kranner and Colville, 2011). The seed injury caused by organic mercurials to cereals was characterized by abnormal germination. The primary effect of mercury could possibly be on the embryo itself, and effects on the endosperm were of secondary importance (Patra and Sharma, 2000). . 3 Environmental effect common salt reduced germination percentage and also delayed the germination rate as the salt level was increased. The germination rate, germination index and coefficient of velocity of germination of forage sorghums decreased under salinity treatments. The germination percentage was a maximum in distilled water, but decreased with increasing salinity (Siti Aishah et al. , 2010). The pH of soil plays a grea t role in the speciation and bio-availability of heavy metals thus the maximum allowable con centrations in soil vary with soil (Luo et al. , 2011).The percentage germination was low at acidic as well as alkalic conditions in both the sets of scarified and unscarified Solanum nigrum seeds. It was observed that neutral pH plays in an important role in increasing germination (Suthar et al. , 2009). 12 Erica australis had increased seed germination in response to factors related to passage of fire and low pH (Vera et al. , 2010). Caperonia palustris seed germination was less than 32% at pH 4 and 10. High seed germination over a broad pH range indicated that pH may not be a limiting factor for germination in most soils (Koger et al. , 2004).The addition of lime caused a significant increase in soil pH providing an alkaline buffering capacity against heavy metal availability for the acid loamy soil while without liming the acidic soil may cause a lowering of the alkalinity of sludge res ulting in a higher availability of heavy metals (Wong et al. , 2001). 13 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Location of the study This study was conducted at Laboratory A603, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. 3. 2 Test material Capsicum annuum fully ripe fruits were purchased from local market and a total of 600 seeds were extracted from the fruits.The seeds were cleaned with running tap water, pat dried with paper towel and look dried for two geezerhood prior to experimentation. 3. 3 Experiment procedure 3. 3. 1 Sterilization of seed Seeds were rinsed with 10% Chlorox followed by 3 times rinsing with distilled water. 3. 3. 2 Treatment Seeds were germinated in enclosed Petri dishes on paper towel containing HgCl2 solutions at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/l respectively. The paper towel was moistened with 2 ml of the respective HgCl 2 solution before the seeds were placed on the paper towel for germination test. The paper towel was applied w ith 2 ml of the 14 espective mercury solution at alternate days unless the paper towel was still found moist with the previous application of solution. 3. 4 Data collection The germination/emergence of the seedling (radical and plumule) was recorded for a period of 10 days. Then, the length of the radical (primary root) and plumule (primary shoot) was measured at two days after germination. The other abnormal morphology, growth and development of seedlings were also recorded. 3. 5 Experimental design The experiment was based on completely randomized design (CRD) as it is the most commonly used design for laboratory research.This experiment was arranged in a CRD as a single factor experiment with 5 replicates. There were 20 seeds in each replicate. 3. 6 Statistical analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and treatment means were compared using Tukeys Simultaneous Test. Germination percentage was transformed to arc-sine value before ANOVA. 3. 7 Work schedule This study w as conducted starting from January 2011 until July 2011 (Table 3. 1). It involved extraction and cleaning of seeds, air drying of seeds, sterilization procedure, and treatment with HgCl2, data collection and data 15 analysis.At the end of this study, project report was presented by word of mouth and the written final report was submitted. Table 3. 1 Work schedule for the study on germination and growth of C. annuum after application of HgCl2 at various concentrations Weeks activities 2 Collection of material / / 8 10 / 12 14 / / / Data collection 6 / Treatment 4 Data analysis viva voce presentation / Submission of report / 16 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Figure 4. 1 indicates the germination of C. annuum seeds tough with change concentrations of HgCl2. Capsicum annuum seed germination was significantly affected by treatment with HgCl2 up to 100 mg/l (Figures 4. and 4. 2 Table 4. 1 Appendices A and B). Seeds treated ? 50 mg/l HgCl 2 showed significantly lower germination percentage and germi nation index as compared to the control seeds treated with distilled water and those treated with lower HgCl 2 at 25 mg/l. This trend was visible from 4 days after germination onwards until end of the study period of 10 days. Figure 4. 1 Germination of C. annuum seeds after treatment with HgCl2 17 Figure 4. 2 Seed germination at the 10th day with HgCl2 treatment at 25mg/l Table 4. 1 Germination and growth of C. annuum after treatment withHgCl2 HgCl2 mg/l) Germination % Germination index length of radical (cm) Length of plumule (cm) 0 1000 a 5. 410. 84 a 1. 750. 11 a 0. 770. 07 a 25 956. 12 a 5. 380. 59 a 1. 230. 07 b 0. 700. 06 ab 50 569. 62 b 3. 080. 73 b 0. 950. 08 c 0. 580. 11 b 75 496. 52 b 3. 160. 66 b 0. 610. 02 d 0. 360. 01 c 100 289. 08 c 1. 900. 54 b 0. 470. 02 e 0. 330. 11 c misbegottens with the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at 5% level of significance All HgCl2 treatments ranging from 25 100 mg/l as studied resulted in significant inhibition of radical growth (Table 4. Appendi ces B and C). Growth inhibition of 18 radical increased significantly and simultaneously with increasing HgCl 2 concentration indicating that radical was very sensitive to this heavy metal. Based on Table 4. 1, plumule growth of C. annuum seeds was also affected significantly by the HgCl2 treatment (Appendices B and D). Plumule growth was less sensitive to this heavy metal only those treated at higher rates of 75 and 100 mg/l showed significantly the greatest inhibition effects. Heavy metal of mercury was found to affect the germination and growth of C. nnuum seeds. Based on the results, mercury at 50 mg/l was found to retard seed germination in terms of germination percentage and germination index. This concentration of mercury also affected development of radical and plumule in terms of length of the organs. Toxicity caused by the under study heavy metal at concentration of 50 mg/l was presumed to result in obvious reduced seed germi nation and inhibition of growth of seedlings of C. annuum. 19 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION Seed germination and growth of C. annuum seedlings were affected with HgCl2 at 50 mg/l.Reduced seed germination and inhibition of seedling growth were recorded with this treatment and higher concentration of HgCl2. The seeds of this fruit vegetable can be concluded to be sensitive to mercury contamination. 20 CITED REFERENCES Anonymous. (2012a). Chili peppers provender facts. Retrieved 20 whitethorn 2012, from http//www. nutrition-and-you. com/chili-peppers. html Anonymous. (2012b). PLANTS Profile Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum cayenne pepper Retrieved 20 May 2012, from http//plants. usda. gov/ umber/profile? symbol=CAAN4 Anonymous. (2011a). 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I Length of radical Length of plumule summarize Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total 12408. 834 4 3102. 208 707. 247 20 F Sig. 35. 362 13116. 081 48. 100 9. 246 57. 346 5. 203 .091 5. 294 .758 .130 .888 25 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 4 20 24 12. 025 .462 87. 726 . 000 26. 011 . 000 1. 301 286. 374 . 000 .005 .190 .007 29. 159 . 00 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD Dependent Variable (I) treatment (J) treatment germination 0 25 50 75 100 25 0 50 75 100 50 0 25 75 100 75 0 25 50 100 100 0 25 50 75 95% assertion Interval Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 Lower Bound Upper Bound -1. 5286 20. 9799 3. 76098 . 000 30. 2341 52. 7426 3. 76098 . 000 34. 3137 56. 8222 3. 76098 . 000 47. 0576 69. 5661 -9. 72566 3. 76098 . 111 -20. 9799 1. 5286 41. 48839 * 45. 56795 * 58. 31190 * 31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 20. 5085 43. 0170 35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 24. 5880 47. 0965 48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 37. 3320 59. 8405 -41. 48839 * . 76098 . 000 -52. 7426 -30. 2341 -31. 76273 * 3. 76098 . 000 -43. 0170 -20. 5085 4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -7. 1747 15. 3338 16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 5. 5693 28. 0778 -45. 56795 * 3. 76098 . 000 -56. 8222 -34. 3137 -35. 84229 * 3. 76098 . 000 -47. 0965 -24. 5880 -4. 07956 3. 76098 . 812 -15. 3338 7. 1747 12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 1. 4897 23. 9982 -58. 31190 * 3. 76098 . 000 -69. 5661 -47. 0576 -48. 58623 * 3. 76098 . 000 -59. 8405 -37. 3320 -16. 82351 * 3. 76098 . 002 -28. 0778 -5. 5693 -12. 74395 * 3. 76098 . 022 -23. 9982 -1. 4897 26 Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I-J)Dependent Variable (I) treatment (J) treatment G. I 0 25 .03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 2518 1. 3218 50 2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 1. 0432 3. 61 68 2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 .9665 3. 5401 3. 51167 * .43003 . 000 2. 2249 4. 7985 0 -. 03500 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3218 1. 2518 50 2. 29500* .43003 . 000 1. 0082 3. 5818 75 2. 21833 * .43003 . 000 .9315 3. 5051 3. 47667 * .43003 . 000 2. 1899 4. 7635 -2. 33000 * .43003 . 000 -3. 6168 -1. 0432 -2. 29500 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5818 -1. 0082 75 -. 07667 .43003 1. 000 -1. 3635 1. 2101 100 1. 18167 .43003 . 082 -. 1051 2. 4685 0 -2. 25333 * .43003 . 000 -3. 5401 -. 9665 25 -2. 21833* .43003 . 000